¥»¤å«Ê± | I. ª«²zªvÀøªº¯f¾ú°O¿ý | II. »²§U¬ì§Þ¾¹§÷·§½× | III. ¤¤Âå¾Ç·§½× |
Tiong'y-Hak Khaelun
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--- A ---
¡· Oafnkor ee ihak zu toxngbut
ee pwnleeng tioqchiuo; toxngbut na u pvi
ciu kaki khix zhoe ioqbut laai tixliaau, kofzar ee jinlui iaxsi afnny. Sof'ie zuxkor u "Sinloong tafm pahzhao, jit gu chitzab'tok" ee kofnghoad. »·¥jÂå¾Çµo¥Í©ó°Êª«ªº¥»¯à¡A°Êª«¦³¯f¦Û¤v§äÃĪ«ªvÀø¡A¥j®Éªº ¤HÃþ¤]¬O¦p¦¹¡A¬G¦³¡u¯«¹A¹Á¦Ê¯ó¡A¤é¹J¤C¤Q¬r¡v¤§»¡¡C |
¡· Toeatioh jinlui-kenggiam
ee luyzeg, ciu u boexcior ee isut hoattiern-
zhudlaaai, koq taixtai siongthoaan. Zu Siofng-Tiaau u jinthea-kayphor ee ihak-giefnkiux khaisie, koq kasiong bunji ee zhut'hien, kengkoex-tioh Zhunchiw, Ciernkog-sitai, Ciin-tiaau, Haxn-tiaau, u zoexzoe i'ioh-hagciar laai zernglie-zhud thoanthorng ee kenggiam. Lexnggoa koq tngsii ee Boseg- tixhak ee hag'hofng, ciu kiernlip-khie cid'ee hexthorng, ciofng Isut zoafnpiexn cviazoex zerngthea-sexng ee "Ihak¡¨. ÀHµÛ¤HÃþ¸gÅ窺²Ö¿n¡Aµo®i¤F¤£¤ÖªºÂå³N¡A¥N¥N¬Û¶Ç¡C¦Û°Ó´Â¶} ©l¸Ñå¤HÅé¥H¨Ó¡A¥[¤W¤å¦r¥X²{¥H«á¡A¸g¹L¬K¬î¡B¾Ô°ê®É¥N¡B¯³º~ªº ÂåÃľǪ̾ã²z¶Ç²Î¸gÅç¡A¥[¤W·í®Éªº¼Ò¦¡ªv¾Ç¾Ç·¡A«Ø¥ß¨t²Î¡A±NÂå ³NÅܦ¨¾ãÅé©ÊªºÂå¾Ç¡C |
¡· Tiongkog-ihak ka
jinthea khvoarzox toa-zuxjieen ee
cidhoaan, ar
hengseeng ¡§thiefn-jiin hab'id¡¨ ee zerngthea-ihak-koafn. Jinthea hongbin ia paukoad-tioh kayphor, zoxngsiong, pvixky, pvixlie, cyntoaxn kab tixliaau. "Thiefn¡¨ si teq kie toa-zuxjieen, zuotiong-tioh budlui, sisu, wtiu kab sengsiong tuix jinthea ee efnghiorng. Naxsi tuy hiexntai-tixhak-koafn laai korng, jinheeng-kayphor, zoxnghuo, kenglef, hietto ciu siok ti hiexntai ee cibhap-koafn. ¤¤°êÂå¾Ç±N¤HÅéµø¬°¤j¦ÛµMªº¤@Àô¡A¦Ó§Î¦¨¡u¤Ñ¤H¦X¤@¡vªº¾ãÅéÂå ¾ÇÆ[¡C¤HÅé¤è±¥]§t¸Ñå¡BŦ¶H¡B¯f¾÷¡B¯f²z¡B¶EÂ_¤ÎªvÀø¡F¡u¤Ñ¡v «ü¤j¦ÛµM¡Aª`«ª«Ãþ¡B®É§Ç¡B¦t©z¬P¶H¹ï¤HÅ骺¼vÅT¡C¦pªG±q²{¥Nªv ¾ÇÆ[¦Ó¨¥¡G¤H§Î¸Ñå¡BŦµÆ¡B¸gµ¸¡B¥Þ¹DÄÝ©ó²{¥Nªº¶°¦XÆ[¡C |
¡· Ti jinheeng-kayphor-siong,
tuix kutzad, meqkngr, tngg-ui ee tngto kab
iongliong lorng u zwnkhag ee zhekliong; uixboeq kiuu zerngthea-sexng, kayphor-siong tioh kengkoex svazaan ee zernghap: thaau-zanzhux ciofng lai-hunpix-svoax zernghap ti gvofzong, ciuxsi sin (iocie) tuix sixmsiong- svoax, hix tuix kahzong-svoax, sym tuix hengsvoax, kvoaf-izong pvikaang tuie'exng-tioh lai-hunpix-svoax. ¦b¤H§Î¸Ñå¤W¹ï°©¸`¡B¯ßºÞ¡B¸zGªºªø«×¤Î®e¶q³£¦³·Ç½Tªº´ú ¶q¡F¬°¨D¾ãÅé©Ê¡A¸Ñå¤W¸g¾ú¤T¦¸ªº¾ã¦X¡G²Ä¤@¼h¦¸±N¤º¤Àªc¸¢¾ã ¦X©ó¤Å¦¡]µÇ»PµÇ¤W¸¢¡BªÍ»P¥Òª¬¸¢¡B¤ß»P¯Ý¸¢¡B¨x»P¯Ø¦Pݤº¤À ªc¸¢¡^¡C |
¡· Toexji-zanzhux ciofng
"zong" kab "huo" svalieen-khylaai, ciuxsi
ka
kvoaf-tvar eng "tvafkngr" svalieen, sym-sioftngg eng "hefng-toxkngr" svalieen, pii-ui eng "zabjixcie-tngg" svalieen, hix-toaxtngg eng "zexngmeh" svalieen, ar sin-pongkofng ciu eng "Sujio-kngr" svalieen. ²Ä¤G¼h¦¸±NŦ»PµÆ¾ã¦X¡]¨xÁx¥HÁxºÞ¦X¡B¤ß¤p¸z¥H¯Ý¾ÉºÞ¦X¡BµÊG ¥H¤Q¤G«ü¸z¦X¡AªÍ¤j¸z¥HÀR¯ß¦X¡BµÇ»H¯Ö¥H¿é§¿ºÞ¦X¡^¡C |
¡· Toexsvaf-zanzhux
si ciofng zoxnghuo eng huihkngr-sinkengsog laai
zernghap-zoex zabjix'ee kengmeh; paai ti sengkhw zor'iu, zofngkiong 24- zof ee kenglef-hexthorng. Ia ciofng laixzong, sengkhw kab khachiuo lienkied-khylaai, zorcviaa limzhngg-cyntoaxn, tixliaau kab soatlie ee ikux. ²Ä¤T¼h¦¸±NŦµÆ¥H¦åºÞ¯«¸g§ô¾ã¦X¦¨¤Q¤G¸g¯ß¡A¨Å饪¥k¹ïºÙ¦@¤G ¤Q¥|²Õ¸gµ¸¨t²Î¡A±N¤ºÅ¦»PÂß·F¡B¥|ªÏÁpµ²°_¨Ó¡A¥H§@¬°Á{§É¶EÂ_¡B ªvÀø¤Î»¡²zªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C |
¡· Tiong'y ee
"zoxngsiong-lylun" tuie'exng-tioh hiexnkym ee senglie-hak,
ar "cidpvi-pvixky" tuie'exng-tioh pvixlie-hak, yn ee laix'ioong phienhioxng ti theflai-sirnseg-lun; ar cyntoaxn-siong ciu eng "bong (heeng kab seg)", "buun (sviaf kab bi)", "bun (pvixzong kab phaisied-but)", ykip "chied (bongmeh kab chiokcirn)" siefn laai siucip hoaxnciar ee sengkhw ee piaw- hien, jien'au kengkoex "piexnzexng" ee chiwsiok, eng "ym-ioong" zox zofngkafng, laai symzaf hoaxnpvi-pox'ui ee "pior-lie', kab pvixzexng ee "haan-jiet", thefcid ee "hy-sit", laai zorcviaa "luxnti" ee ikux. ¤¤Â媺Ŧ¶H²z½×¹ïÀ³µÛ²{¤µ¤§¥Í²z¾Ç¡A¯f¾÷¹ïÀ³µÛ²{¤µ¤§¯f²z¾Ç¡A ¨ä¤º®e°¾¦V©óÅ餺°T®§½×¡F¦Ó¶EÂ_¤W¡A«h¥H±æ¡]§Î¡B¦â¡^¡B»D¡]Ánµ ¡B®ð¨ý¡^¡B°Ý¡]¯gª¬¤Î±Æªnª«¡^¡B¤Á¡]§â¯ß»PIJ¶E¡^¥ý¦¬¶°¯f±w¨Åé ªºªí²{¡AµM«á¸g¹L¡u¿ëµý¡vªº¤âÄò¡A¥H¡u³±¡B¶§¡v¬°Á`ºõ¡A¼f¬d¯f¦ì ªº¡uªí¡BùØ¡v¡B¯f©Êªº¡u´H¡B¼ö¡v¡AÅé½èªº¡uµê¡B¹ê¡v¡A¥H§@¬° ¡u½×ªv¡vªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C |
¡· Citkhoarn "piexnzexng-luxnti"
ee liutheeng, tuie'exng-tioh hiexntai ee
khorngzex-lun; ar tiong'y ee tixliaau-hongseg khiog u "ciamkux" ee budlie- liauhoad, "sidliaau" ee eng'iorng-liauhoad, "ioqliaau" ee hoarhak-liauhoad, khorngzex "chitzeeng", ciuxsi "lo-hie-sw-iw-py-khiorng-kviaf" ee zengsiin- liauhoad, khorngzex "gvofseg", ciuxsi "zhvef", "aang", "ngg", "peh", kab "of", ykip khorngzex "gvofsviaf", ciuxsi "kag-tefng-kiofng-siofng-uo" ee sixthviaf-liauhoad, koq cixn-cidpo si phoeahap "gvof'un-liogkhix" kab "zwgvor-liuzux" terng ee sikafn-ihak-liauhoad. ³oºØ¡u¿ëµý½×ªv¡vªº¬yµ{¡A¬Û·í©ó²{¥Nªº±±¨î½×¡F¦Ó¤¤ÂåªvÀøªº ¤è¦¡«h¦³°w¨bªºª«²zÀøªk¡B¹ÀøªºÀç¾iÀøªk¡BÃÄÀøªº¤Æ¾ÇÀøªk¡B±±¨î ¤C±¡¡]«ã¡B³ß¡B«ä¡B¼~¡B´d¡B®£¡BÅå¡^ªººë¯«Àøªk¡B¤¦â¡]«C¡B¨ª¡B ¶À¡B¥Õ¡B¶Â¡^¤Án¡]¨¤¡B¼x¡B®c¡B°Ó¡B¦Ð¡^ªºµøÅ¥Àøªk¡B¤¹B¤»®ð ¤l¤È¬yª`µ¥®É¶¡Âå¾ÇÀøªk¡C |
¡· Ysiong sor-korng ee tiong'y-hak
ee laix'ioong, suijieen hiexnkym ykefng
ciapkin sengsek ee kefngkaix, iawsi kantvaf kaux hongkoafn-ihak ee hoaxn'uii naxtvia. Hiexntai ee tiong'y-hagciar engkay tioh ti cit'ee hong- koafn ee kizhor-terng, koq lix'iong hiexntai-khohak ee chiwtvoa, zu bixsi ee hongbin laai keasiok loflek, zernghap-tioh tiong'sef-ihak ee giabzeg, zafjit laai tadseeng kokzex-hoax ee kefngkaix; afnny ciu oe cviazoex boeq khek'hok jinlui-citpvi ee toa-hok'ym. ¥H¤W©Òz¤¤Âå¾Çªº¤º®e¡AÁö¤w¸g±µªñ¦¨¼ôªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦ý¶È¤î©ó¶£Æ[ Âå¾Çªº½d³ò¡A¤µ¤§¤¤Âå¾ÇªÌ¡A©y¦b¶£Æ[ªº°ò¦¤W¡A§Q¥Î²{¥N¬ì¾Çªº ¤u¨ã¡A±q·LÆ[¤è±Ä~Äò¥Î¥\¡A¾ã¦X¤¤¡B¦èÂå¾Çªº·~ÁZ¡A¦¤é¹F¦¨°ê »Ú¤Æªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦p¦¹«h±N¬O§JªA¤HÃþ¯e¯fªº¤@¤jºÖµ¡C |
---B---
¡· Tiong'y ti
limzhngg-siong teq tixliaau citpvi
ee sii, tioh kafngkiux
phoeahap-tioh jinthea ee zuxjieen-liauleeng. Bolun si ciamkux iafsi exng'ioh, lorng si teq ka jinthea pangzan khix khutuu citpvi. ¤¤Âå¦bÁ{§É¤WªvÀø¯e¯f¡AÁ¿¨s°t¦X¤HÅ骺¦ÛµMÀø¯à¡A¤£½×°w¨b¡B ¥ÎÃÄ¡A³£¬OÀ°§U¤HÅé׶°£¯e¯f¡C |
¡· Phiejuu laai khvoax
kafmmo. Tiong'y jixn'uii jinthea in'ui boextaxng
sek'exng tudjieen ee thvikhix-piernhoax ciaq laai titpvi. Afnny ciu ka y kiorzoex "sionghofng". Zef si in'ui korjiin ee thefcid bokaang, sionghofng- au ciu zhut'hien bokaang ee "haan"-"jiet" liofngciorng piawhien, sof'ie ciu korng u honghaan-zexng kab hongjiet-zexng ee hunpiet. Ä´¦p·P«_¡F¤¤Âå»{¬°¦]¬°¤HÅéµLªk¾AÀ³¬ðµMªº¤Ñ®ðÅܤƦӱo¯f¡AºÙ ¬°¶Ë·¡A¦]¬°Ó¤HÅé½è¤£¦P¡A¶Ë·«áªº¯gª¬¥X²{´H¡B¼ö¨âºØ¤£¦Pªºªí ²{¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦³·´HÃÒ©M·¼öÃÒ¤§¤À¡C |
¡· Hongjiet-zexng piawhien-zhud
hoatjiet, na'aau zefngthviax, cih ee sekti
pvie'aang, ciqkof toax poh-ngg, meh phuu-kirn, terng ee zerngzong; honghaan-zexng ciu piawhien-zhud hoatjiet, boo-laukvoa, kutzad sngthviax, cih-seg zerngsiong, ciqkof poh-peh, meh aan, terng ee zerngzong. Liofng- ciar ee ioxng'ioh ciu tioh u benghiern ee zha'vi. ·¼öÃÒªí²{¥Xµo¼ö¡B«|³ï¸~µh¡B¦Þ¦â¬õ¡BaÁ¡¶À¡B¯ß¯B¼Æµ¥¯gª¬¡F ·´HÃÒªí²{µo¼ö¡BµL¦½¡B°©¸`»Äµh¡B¦Þ¦â¥¿±`¡BaÁ¡¥Õ¡B¯ßºòµ¥¯gª¬ ¡A¨âªÌ¥ÎÃÄ©úÅã®t²§¡C |
¡· Koq in'ui "hofng" u pierntong-cviakirn
ee serngcid, sionghofng-kafmmo
ciu iong'vi ynkhie pernghoad-zexng. Sof'ie pvix'ui-siong u pior-lie ee hunpiet. Hongsiaa ti "pior" ciu pvi boo pernghoad-zexng. Hongsiaa na jip "lie", pvi ciu chimjip laixzong. Tiong'y koq huisioong-zuotiong jinthea ee "zerngkhix", zef ciu tuie'exng-tioh hientai sor-korng ee biefn'ek-kileeng, y ee zoxnghorng u "hy" kab "sit" ee hunpiet; "hy" piawsi biefn'ek-kileeng haxkaxng, koq pvi ee siakhix kioong, "sit" piawsi biefn'ek-kileeng kioong ar pvi ee siakhix ia kioong. ¤S,¦]¡u·¡v¦³§Ö³tÅܰʪº©Ê½è¡A¶Ë··P«_®e©ö¤Þ°_¨Öµo¯g¡A©Ò¥H ¯f¦ì¤W¦³ªí¡Bùتº¤À§O¡A·¨¸¦bªí¡A«h¯e¯f¨S¦³¨Öµo¯g¡A·¨¸¤JùØ«h ¯e¯f¤w«I¤J¤ºÅ¦¡F¤¤Âå¤S·¥ª`«¤HÅ骺¥¿®ð¡A§Y²{¥N©Ò¨¥§K¬Ì¾÷¯àª¬ ªp¡A¦³µê¡B¹ê¤§¤À¡A¡uµê¡vªí¥Ü§K¬Ì¾÷¯à¤U°¡A¥B¯f¨¸±j¡A¡u¹ê¡vªí ¥Ü§K¬Ì¾÷¯à»P¯f¨¸¨âªÌ³£±j¡C |
¡· Ysiong sor-korng ee jiet,
pior kab sit si siok ti "ioong", ar haan, lie kab
hy siok ti "ym". Tiong'y eng ym-ioong zox zofngkafng, ar kasiong pior-lie- haan-jiet-hy-sit, zofngkiong u poeh'ee "kafng", kiorzox "patkafng"; phoeahap-tioh gvofzong-lioghuo laai tuix citpvi ha cyntoaxn, jien'au ka yn tngzoex tixliaau ee ikux. ¥H¤W ¼ö¡Bªí¡B¹ê, ÄÝ¡u¶§ ¡v¡F´H¡BùØ¡Bµê,ÄÝ¡u³±¡v¡A¤¤Âå¥H ¡u³±¡v¡B¡u¶§¡v¬°Á`ºõ¡A¥[¤W¡uªí¡v¡B¡uùØ¡v¡B¡u´H¡v¡B¡u¼ö¡v¡B ¡uµê¡v¡B¡u¹ê¡v¦@¤Kºõ¡A°t¦X¤Å¦¤»µÆ¨Ó¹ï¯e¯f¤U¡u¶EÂ_¡v¡AµM«á °µ¬°ªvÀøªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C |
¡· Citpvi
ti "pior" ciu tioh kae-piofzexng, kae-piofzexng ee ioh u mahoong,
kuieky, kviukaix, honghofng, terng; na ti "lie" ciu tioh kofng-lyzexng, chinchviu eng taixhoong, cycih, bongsiaw, terng laai tixliaau. U "haan" ciu eng wn-kux iafsi unjiet-ioh, chinchviu zhvekviw, huozuo, jiogkuix, terng. U "jiet" ciu eng hanliaang-ioh, chinchviu ng'nii, ngkhym, cioqkof, terng, laai tixliaau. ¯e¯f¦bªí«h¸ÑªíÃÒ¡A¸ÑªíÃĦp³Â¶À¡B®ÛªK¡B¯ðªã¡B¨¾·µ¥¡F¦b ¡uùØ¡v«h§ðùØÃÒ¡A¦p¤j¶À¡BÏL¹ê¡B¨~µvµ¥¡F¦³¡u´H¡v«h¥Î·Å¨b©Î·Å ¼öÃÄ¡A¦p¥ÍÁ¤¡Bªþ¤l¡B¦×®Ûµ¥¡A¦³¡u¼ö¡v¥H´H²DÃĦp¶À³s¡B¶ÀÍÁ¡B ¥Û»Iµ¥ªvÀø¡C |
¡· U "hy" ciu eng pof'iorng-ioh,
chinchviu jinsafm, ngkii, tongkuy, angzor,
terng laai tixliaau; u "sit" ciu eng siax-sit-ioh, chinchviu samleeng, gvozud, terng. Tiong'y siexn'iong toa-zuxjieen ee budlui, paukoad sidbut, toxngbut, kab khorngbut, ia eng ciamkux, laai pangzan jinthea khix khutuu citpvi. Limzhngg-siong teq tixpvi, tioh kafngkiux koaan-liauxhau, ke- togsexng iafsi ke-sionghai-sexng. Afnny citpvi hofliao-y'au koq eng sidliaau laai zox pvix'au ee tiau'iorng, afnny ciu thafng uxhoong citpvi ee hoghoad. ¦³¡uµê¡v«h¥H¸É¾iÃÄ¡A¦p¤H°Ñ¡B¶À¯Ï¡B·íÂk¡B¬õ´Çµ¥¨ÓªvÀø¡F ¦³¡u¹ê¡v«h¥HÂm¹êÃÄ¡A¦p¤T¸W¡B×m×\µ¥¡C¤¤Âåµ½¥Î¤j¦ÛµMª«Ãþ´Óª« ¡B°Êª«¤ÎÄqª«¡A©Î°w¨b¨ÓÀ°§U¤HÅé׶°£¯e¯f¡AÁ{§É¤Wªv¯fÁ¿¨s°ªÀø ®Ä¡A§C¬r©Ê©Î§C¶Ë®`©Ê¡A¯e¯f²¬Â¡«á¦A¥H¹Àø°µ¯f«á½Õ¾i¡A¨Ó¹w¨¾ ¯e¯f´_µo¡C |
¡· Exbin, larn eng
cidtviw sidzex ee pvilek-pior
laai soatbeeng kafmmo
"hongjiet-zai-pior" ee tixliaau sidle. ¤U±, §ÚÌ¥H¤@±i¹ê»Úªº¯f¾úªí¨Ó»¡©ú·P«_"·¼ö¦bªí"ªºªvÀø¹ê¨Ò¡C |
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