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¡· (Tiong'y-Hak
Khaelun
--- A ---
¤¤Â媺Ŧ¶H²z½×¹ïÀ³µÛ²{¤µ¤§¥Í²z¾Ç¡A¯f¾÷¹ïÀ³µÛ²{¤µ¤§¯f²z¾Ç¡A¨ä¤º®e°¾¦V©óÅ餺°T®§½×¡F¦Ó¶EÂ_¤W¡A«h¥H±æ¡]§Î¡B¦â¡^¡B»D¡]Ánµ¡B®ð¨ý¡^¡B°Ý¡]¯gª¬¤Î±Æªnª«¡^¡B¤Á¡]§â¯ß»PIJ¶E¡^¥ý¦¬¶°¯f±w¨Å骺ªí²{¡AµM«á¸g¹L¡u¿ëµý¡vªº¤âÄò¡A¥H¡u³±¡B¶§¡v¬°Á`ºõ¡A¼f¬d¯f¦ìªº¡uªí¡BùØ¡v¡B¯f©Êªº¡u´H¡B¼ö¡v¡AÅé½èªº¡uµê¡B¹ê¡v¡A¥H§@¬°¡u½×ªv¡vªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C
¡·(Tiong'y
ee "zoxngsiong-lylun" tuie'exng-tioh hiexnkym ee senglie-hak, ar
"cidpvi-pvixky"
tuie'exng-tioh pvixlie-hak, yn ee laix'ioong
phienhioxng ti theflai-sirnseg-lun; ar cyntoaxn-siong
ciu eng "bong (heeng kab seg)","buun (sviaf
kab bi)", "bun (pvixzong kab
phaisied-but)", ykip "chied (bongmeh kab chiokcirn)"
siefn laai siucip hoaxnciar ee sengkhw ee piaw-hien, jien'au
kengkoex "piexnzexng" ee chiwsiok, eng "ym-ioong"
zox zofngkafng, laai symzaf hoaxnpvi-pox'uiee
"pior-lie', kab pvixzexng ee "haan-jiet",
thefcid ee "hy-sit", laai zorcviaa
"luxnti" ee ikux. |
³oºØ¡u¿ëµý½×ªv¡vªº¬yµ{¡A¬Û·í©ó²{¥Nªº±±¨î½×¡F¦Ó¤¤ÂåªvÀøªº¤è¦¡«h¦³°w¨bªºª«²zÀøªk¡B¹ÀøªºÀç¾iÀøªk¡BÃÄÀøªº¤Æ¾ÇÀøªk¡B±±¨î¤C±¡¡]«ã¡B³ß¡B«ä¡B¼~¡B´d¡B®£¡BÅå¡^ªººë¯«Àøªk¡B¤¦â¡]«C¡B¨ª¡B¶À¡B¥Õ¡B¶Â¡^¤Án¡]¨¤¡B¼x¡B®c¡B°Ó¡B¦Ð¡^ªºµøÅ¥Àøªk¡B¤¹B¤»®ð¤l¤È¬yª`µ¥®É¶¡Âå¾ÇÀøªk¡C
[
¡·(Citkhoarn
"piexnzexng-luxnti" ee liutheeng, tuie'exng-tioh hiexntai ee
khorngzex-lun; ar tiong'y ee tixliaau-hengseg khiog u "ciamkux" ee
budlie-liauhoad, "sidliaau" ee eng'iorng-liauhoad, "ioqliaau" ee
hoarhak-liauhoad, khorngzex "chitzeeng", ciuxsi "lo-hie-sw-iw-py-khiorng-kviaf"
ee zengsiin-liauhoad, khorngzex "gvofseg",
ciuxsi "zhvef", "aang", "ngg", "peh",
kab "of", ykip khorngzex "gvofsviaf",
ciuxsi "kag-tefng-kiofng-siofng-uo" ee sixthviaf-liauhoad,
koq cixn-cidpo si phoeahap "gvof'un-liogkhix"
kab "zwgvor-liuzux" terng ee sikafn-ihak-liauhoad. |
¥H¤W©Òz¤¤Âå¾Çªº¤º®e¡AÁö¤w¸g±µªñ¦¨¼ôªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦ý¶È¤î©ó¶£Æ[Âå¾Çªº½d³ò¡A¤µ¤§¤¤Âå¾ÇªÌ¡A©y¦b¶£Æ[ªº°ò¦¤W¡A§Q¥Î²{¥N¬ì¾Çªº¤u¨ã¡A±q·LÆ[¤è±Ä~Äò¥Î¥\¡A¾ã¦X¤¤¡B¦èÂå¾Çªº·~ÁZ¡A¦¤é¹F¦¨°ê»Ú¤Æªº¹Ò¬É¡A¦p¦¹«h±N¬O§JªA¤HÃþ¯e¯fªº¤@¤jºÖµ¡C
[
¡· (
Ysiong sor-korng ee tiong'y-hak ee laix'ioong, suijieen hiexkym ykefng
ciapkin sengsek ee kefngkaix, iawsi kantvaf
kaux hongkoafn-ihak ee hoaxn'uii naxtvia.
Hiexntai ee tiong'y-hagciar engkay tioh ti cit'ee hong-koafn ee kizhor-terng,
koq lix'iong hiexntai-khohak ee chiwtvoa, zu
bixsi ee hongbin laai keasiok loflek, zernghap-tioh tiong'sef-ihak ee giabzeg,
zafjit laai tadseeng kokzex-hoax ee kefngkaix;
afnny ciu oe cviazoex boeq
khek'hok jinlui-citpvi ee toa-hok'ym. |
---B---
¤¤Âå¦bÁ{§É¤WªvÀø¯e¯f¡AÁ¿¨s°t¦X¤HÅ骺¦ÛµMÀø¯à¡A¤£½×°w¨b
¥ÎÃÄ¡A³£¬OÀ°§U¤HÅé׶°£¯e¯f¡C
[
¡· (
Tiong'y ti limzhngg-siong teq tixliaau citpvi
ee sii, tioh kafngkiux phoeahap-tioh jinthea ee
zuxjieen-liauleeng. Bolun si ciamkux
iafsi exng'ioh, lorng si teq ka jinthea pangzan khix khutuu citpvi. |
Ä´¦p·P«_¡F¤¤Âå»{¬°¦]¬°¤HÅéµLªk¾AÀ³¬ðµMªº¤Ñ®ðÅܤƦӱo¯f¡AºÙ¬°¶Ë·¡A¦]¬°Ó¤HÅé½è¤£¦P¡A¶Ë·«áªº¯gª¬¥X²{´H¡B¼ö¨âºØ¤£¦Pªºªí²{¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦³·´HÃÒ©M·¼öÃÒ¤§¤À¡C
[
¡·(
Phiejuu laai khvoax
kafmmo. Tiong'y jixn'uii jinthea in'ui boextaxng
sek'exng tudjieen ee thvikhix-piernhoax
ciaq laai titpvi. Afnny
ciu ka y kiorzoex "sionghofng". Zef si in'ui korjiin ee thefcid
bokaang, sionghofng-au ciu zhut'hien bokaang ee "haan"-"jiet" liofngciorng
piawhien, sof'ie ciu korng u honghaan-zexng kab hongjiet-zexng ee hunpiet. |
·¼öÃÒªí²{µo¼ö¡B«|³ï¸~µh¡B¦Þ¦â¬õ¡BaÁ¡¶À¡B¯ß¯B¼Æµ¥¯gª¬¡F·´HÃÒªí²{µo¼ö¡BµL¦½¡B°©¸`»Äµh¡B¦Þ¦â¥¿±`¡BaÁ¡¥Õ¡B¯ßºòµ¥¯gª¬¡A¨âªÌ¥ÎÃÄ©úÅã®t²§¡C
[
¡·(Hongjiet-zexng
piawhien-zhud hoatjiet, na'aau zefngthviax,
cih ee sekti pvie'aang, ciqkof
toax poh-ngg, meh phuu-kirn, terng ee zerngzong;
honghaan-zexng ciu piawhien-zhud hoatjiet, boo-laukvoa,
kutzad sngthviax, cih-seg zerngsiong, ciqkof
poh-peh, meh aan, terng ee zerngzong. Liofng-ciar ee ioxng'ioh
ciu tioh u benghiern ee zha'vi. |
¤S,¦]¡u·¡v¦³§Ö³tÅܰʪº©Ê½è¡A¶Ë··P«_®e©ö¤Þ°_¨Öµo¯g¡A©Ò¥H¯f¦ì¤W¦³ªí¡Bùتº¤À§O¡A·¨¸¦bªí¡A«h¯e¯f¨S¦³¨Öµo¯g¡A·¨¸¤JùØ«h¯e¯f¤w«I¤J¤ºÅ¦¡F¤¤Âå¤S·¥ª`«¤HÅ骺¥¿®ð¡A§Y²{¥N©Ò¨¥§K¬Ì¾÷¯àª¬ªp¡A¦³µê¡B¹ê¤§¤À¡A¡uµê¡vªí¥Ü§K¬Ì¾÷¯à¤U°¡A¥B¯f¨¸±j¡A¡u¹ê¡vªí¥Ü§K¬Ì¾÷¯à»P¯f¨¸¨âªÌ³£±j¡C
[
¡·(Koq
in'ui "hofng" u pierntong-cviakirn
ee serngcid, sionghofng-kafmmo ciu iong'vi
ynkhie pernghoad-zexng. Sof'ie pvix'ui-siong
u pior-lie ee hunpiet. Hongsiaa ti "pior" ciu pvi
boo pernghoad-zexng. Hongsiaa na jip "lie", pvi
ciu chimjip laixzong. Tiong'y koq huisioong-zuotiong
jinthea ee "zerngkhix", zef ciu tuie'exng-tioh hientai sor-korng
ee biefn'ek-kileeng, y ee zoxnghorng u "hy" kab "sit"
ee hunpiet; "hy" piawsi biefn'ek-kileeng haxkaxng, koq
pvi ee siakhix kioong, "sit" piawsi biefn'ek-kileeng
kioong ar pvi ee siakhix ia kioong. |
¥H¤W ¼ö¡Bªí¡B¹ê, ÄÝ¡u¶§
¡v¡F´H¡BùØ¡Bµê,ÄÝ¡u³±¡v¡A¤¤Âå¥H¡u³±¡v¡B¡u¶§¡v¬°Á`ºõ¡A¥[¤W¡uªí¡v¡B¡uùØ¡v¡B¡u´H¡v¡B¡u¼ö¡v¡B¡uµê¡v¡B¡u¹ê¡v¦@¤Kºõ¡A°t¦X¤Å¦¤»µÆ¨Ó¹ï¯e¯f¤U¡u¶EÂ_¡v¡AµM«á°µ¬°ªvÀøªº¨Ì¾Ú¡C
[
¡·(
Ysiong sor-korng ee jiet, pior kab sit si siok ti "ioong", ar haan, lie
kab hy siok ti "ym". Tiong'y eng ym-ioong zox zofngkafng, ar
kasiong pior-lie-haan-jiet-hy-sit, zofngkiong u
poeh'ee "kafng", kiorzox "patkafng"; phoeahap-tioh
gvofzong-lioghuo
laai tuix citpvi ha cyntoaxn, jien'au ka yn
tngzoex tixliaau ee ikux. |
¯e¯f¦bªí«h¸ÑªíÃÒ¡A¸ÑªíÃĦp³Â¶À¡B®ÛªK¡B¯ðªã¡B¨¾·µ¥
¡uùØ¡v«h§ðùØÃÒ¡A¦p¤j¶À¡BÏL¹ê¡B¨~µvµ¥¡F¦³¡u´H¡v«h¥Î·Å¨b©Î·Å¼öÃÄ¡A¦p¥ÍÁ¤¡Bªþ¤l¡B¦×®Ûµ¥¡A¦³¡u¼ö¡v¥H´H²DÃĦp¶À³s¡B¶ÀÍÁ¡B¥Û»Iµ¥ªvÀø¡C
[
¡·(
Citpvi
ti "pior" ciu tioh kae-piofzexng, kae-piofzexng ee ioh u mahoong, kuieky,
kviukaix, honghofng, terng;
na ti "lie" ciu tioh kofng-lyzexng, chinchviu
eng tauxhoong, cycih, bongsiaw, terng laai tixliaau.
U "haan" ciu eng wn-kux iafsi unjiet-ioh, chinchviu
zhvekviw, huozuo,
jiogkuix, terng. U "jiet" ciu eng hanliaang-ioh, chinchviu
ng'nii, ngkhym, cioqkof, terng, laai tixliaau. |
¦³¡uµê¡v«h¥H¸É¾iÃÄ¡A¦p¤H°Ñ¡B¶À¯Ï¡B·íÂk¡B¬õ´Çµ¥¨ÓªvÀø¡F¦³¡u¹ê¡v«h¥HÂm¹êÃÄ¡A¦p¤T¸W¡B×m×\µ¥¡C¤¤Âåµ½¥Î¤j¦ÛµMª«Ãþ´Óª«¡B°Êª«¤ÎÄqª«¡A©Î°w¨b¨ÓÀ°§U¤HÅé׶°£¯e¯f¡AÁ{§É¤Wªv¯fÁ¿¨s°ªÀø®Ä¡A§C¬r©Ê©Î§C¶Ë®`©Ê¡A¯e¯f²¬Â¡«á¦A¥H¹Àø°µ¯f«á½Õ¾i¡A¨Ó¹w¨¾¯e¯f´_µo¡C
[
¡·(U
"hy" ciu eng pof'iorng-ioh, chinchviu
jinsafm, ngkii, tongkuy, angzor, terng laai tixliaau;
u "sit" ciu eng siax-sit-ioh, chinchviu
samleeng, gvozud, terng.
Tiong'y siexn'iong toa-zuxjieen ee budlui, paukoad sidbut, toxngbut,
kab khorngbut, ia eng ciamkux, laai pangzan jinthea khix khutuu
citpvi. Limzhngg-siong
teq tixpvi, tioh kafngkiux
koaan-liauxhau, ke-togsexng iafsi ke-sionghai-sexng.
Afnny citpvi hofliao-y'au
koq eng sidliaau laai zox pvix'au ee
tiau'iorng, afnny ciu thafng uxhoong citpvi
ee hoghoad. |
. |