[by
Prof. Liim Keahioong]
Explanation
on Concise Atonal Spelling
and
TMSS Dictionary |
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Concise
Atonal Spelling (Obscure Spelling)
"Atonal Spelling"
is the spelling that is written
up only by sound of word.
It is used in case you cannot
tell the exact tone, or when you
feel the definite tone is not neccesary.
A sound is constructed with a vowel
and a consonant. Consonants of
Taiwanese voice are as follows:
(Composite) |
B |
C |
G |
H |
J |
K |
L |
M |
N |
P |
S |
T |
Z |
V |
Basic csn. |
b |
c |
g |
h |
j |
k |
l |
m |
n |
p |
s |
t |
z |
- |
Fricative c. |
- |
ch |
- |
- |
- |
kh |
- |
- |
- |
ph |
- |
th |
zh |
- |
Nasal csn. |
- |
cv |
gv |
hv |
- |
kv |
- |
- |
- |
pv |
sv |
tv |
zv |
v |
Fr.-Nasal c. |
- |
chv |
- |
- |
- |
khv |
- |
- |
- |
phv |
- |
thv |
zhv |
- |
Here,
"Composite"
Consonant Characters" are used for easy finding in a set of vocabularies
such as in the present dictionary. Atonal spelling constructed
with above "composite consonants" are generally
called as "Concise Atonal Spelling" or
"Obscure
Spelling".
Atonal
vowels are listed below:
Simple
vowel |
a |
- |
- |
e |
i |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
o |
- |
- |
- |
u |
Complex
v. |
- |
ai |
au |
- |
- |
- |
ia |
- |
iau |
io |
iu |
- |
oa |
oai |
oe |
ui |
Open stop |
ah |
aih |
auh |
eh |
ih |
- |
iah |
- |
iauh |
ioh |
iuh |
oh |
oah |
oaih |
oeh |
uih |
Rear Nasal v. |
am |
an |
ang |
eng |
im |
in |
iang |
ien |
- |
iong |
- |
ong |
oan |
- |
- |
un |
Stop |
ap |
at |
ak |
ek |
ip |
it |
iak |
iet |
- |
iok |
- |
og |
oat |
- |
- |
ut |
Vowels listed above, may or not preceded
by a consonant, is known as "Sound
Proper". An atonal spelling
of a word is constructed with syllables
of sound proper. Here, no differenciation is made
for upper and lower stops. For those entries of this
dictionary, lower stops are noticed with an underline, i.e., ~h(=~q),
~p(=~b), ~t(=~d), and ~k(=~g).
.
Dictionary
Arrangement
In
this dictionary, the ordinary consonent,
the fricative consonent and the nasal consonent
are arranged in the same location as
represented by the "Composite" Consonant for easy search.
Thus, "ta",
"tha", "tVa"
and "thVa"
are given with the "catch word" of "Ta".
This is because Western people can
seldom differentiate consonents of these
four categories. For the same reason, "o"
and "o" are given samely with "O".
Differentiation
is, however, made in the part of TMSS. Lower stops
are arranged at the same place of upper stops. This is
because there are people in some regions cannot differentiate well in their
mind those two kinds of stops.
It should be emphasized that dictionary entries are for searching the word
only. Legal spelling and pronuntiation is in the followed TMSS
word. The former is a simpllified writing of the given
word expressing a partial writing up of what you think in mind.
A person with a good preparation on TMSS may sometimes feel difficult to
understand the meaning from such a simplified spelling, he has to go to
the following TMSS word and think about the meaning..
.
Special
Notice on Spelling in MLT/TMSS and MLT without "o"
In
TMSS words, the followings are observed: (1)
The character "o" is specially invented for helping
readers to pronounce the character "o" with a sound different
from the normal vowel [o] in English "program", '"sorry" or "story".
In Southern part of Taiwan, "o'' is pronounced somewhat like European
[ø] or the last
sound of English "teacher". In Taiwanese, a dissyllable
word which has "o" to be pronounced as [o], rarely has a corresponding
word of the same spelling where "o" is pronounced as [o], and vice versa.
For instant, the word "olor" is oly pronounced as [olor]
and no such word with pronunciation of [olor], [olor], or [olor]
exists. In this connection, the phonetic character "o"
is mostly substituted with the normal character of "o" in documents of
MLT/TMSS.
(2) The spelling with "oe" means that the word may be pronounced
as either [oe] or [e]. In MLT documents it is substituted
with spelling "oe" for convenience. The judgement is
up to the reader.
(3) The symbol of stressed sound (+)
shows that the preceding word is stressed to show it's original sence.
This makes the followed word becomes down-toned weak sound.
For instant, the word "hiefn+khuy"
is pronounced as [hiefn.khuix] i.e. { hienkui
} in phonetogram.
(4) The hyphen (-) which binds two words into one, makes the preceding
word be pronounced with or without tone-change. The selection
of whether the last tone of the preceding word is to be changed in regular
way is up to the speaker at differing situations.
(5) The separator ( ' ) is used to separate two letters fro different
sylables otherwise they might form a single syllable. For instance,
the spelling [boafnafn] could be either [boaf'nafn] or [boafn'afn], the
latter correspond to "good night" in English. Another example
is [khoat'ham] which may be misread as [khoa'tham]. In many popular
cases, however, no confusion may arise by omitting the separater.
Examples are [Taioaan], [cidee], [kaoiok], etc. which can never be read
as [Ta'io'aan], [ci'dee], [ka'oi'ok], etc. In ordinary
MLT sentences, the separator may be inserted or omitted at author's convenience.
Whenever the reader is accustomed with that word, and no other words of
similar spelling can be recalled, the separator may be omitted for easy
writing.
.
TMSS
Dictionary with Concise Atonal Spelling by
Professor Liim K. H.