| Traditional
Grammar of Taiwanese Words
台語語辭的文法分類 |
| In the traditional grammar of Wester languages, words are arranged to make a sentence according to their parts of speech; and those words which show special forms for their parts of speech, and may change their forms according to the rules of declension and conjugation. |
| In languages in connection with Chinese, however, the situation is quite different. A given word will never change its form, and its part of speech is decided by the position in the sentence. |
| Some words do not easily change their parts of speech, nad the whole sentence becomes nonsence if the word is misplaced at the position of other part. Sometimes, a word may change its part of speech by adding a preposition or a suffix. These problems consturct the may topics for Taiwanese grammar. |
B. 基本詞類
Primary Parts of Speech
.
一個語辭在文章中的文法功用,以它的詞類來辨別。
語辭的詞類,大致有下列幾種:
.
(1) 名詞 (2) 代名詞 (3) 動詞
(4) 形容詞 (5) 副詞 (6) 介詞
(7) 連詞 (8) 助詞 (9) 歎詞
.
在此,助動詞
被包括在動詞之內,而 數詞 被包括在形容詞之內。
這些詞類,以顯著的台語語辭實例分類說明之下。
| The grammatical
usage of a word in the sentence is recognized by th part of speeech.
There are following nine kinds of such parts of speech:
(1) Noun (2) Pronoun (3) Verb (4) Adjective (5) Adverb (6) Preposition and Postposition (7) Conjunction (8) Auxiliary (9) Interjection Here, Auxiliary Verb is included in (3) Verb, and Numeral in (4) Adjective. These parts of speech are explained with notable examples from the Taiwanese vocabulary. |
C1. 名詞
Noun
.
定義:所有
人、地、事、物等,實體的名稱。
分類之,如下：
| Definition: Names of all objects including those of people, place, matter, and thing, i.e., |
| (1) 專有名詞
(無限數目) |
人名: Liim Keahioong, Tvi
Sengkofng, Lincoln, John
地名: Taipag, Washinton, Paris, Tangkviaf, Liukiuu, Polie 書名: Mafthaix-Hok'ym-Toan, Luxnguo, Taioaan-Lun 時代: Binkog, Konggoaan, Bengtiaau, Zusixn-Sitai 國家種族: Taioaan, Bykog, Holaan, Jidpurn, Goanzuxbiin 團體名: Iogteg Kikimhoe, Kitokkaux, Sengkofng Taixhak |
林繼雄,鄭成功,林肯,約翰; 台北,華盛頓,巴黎,東京,琉球,埔里;
馬太福音傳,論語,台灣論
民國,公元,明朝,資訊時代 台灣,美國,荷蘭,日本,原住民 育德基金會,基督教,成功大學 |
| (2) 普通名詞
(無限數目) |
個體: laang, ciao, hoef, zhao, haghau, lauxsw,
svoaf
質料: zuie, hoea, kym, thiq, bie, beqar, hanzuu, kamciax 集合體: kokkaf, siaxhoe, hagsefng, angbor, chincviaa |
人,鳥,花,草,學校,老師,山; 水,火,金,鐵,米,麥仔,番薯,甘蔗;國家,社會,學生,夫妻,親戚 |
| (3) 抽象名詞
(無限數目) |
無形物: zengsiin, zaileeng, hokkhix, khofbun, iuchiuu
性質狀態: zhongbeeng, guihiarm, sarnchiaq, iofngzoxng 動作行為: lolek, hurntox, zoan'id, giefnkiux, khvoarpvi, liauxlie, zhay'iong |
精神,才能,福氣,苦悶,憂愁
聰明,危險,貧窮,勇壯 努力,奮鬥,專一,研究,看病,料理,採用 |
| (1) Exclusive
Nown
(limitless) |
Name of person
Name of place Name of book Name of era Name of Nation Name of corporation |
Liim K.H.,
Cheng Chengkung, Lincoln, John;
Taipei, Washinton, Paris, Tokyo, Loochoos, Polie; Mthew's Gospel, Analects of Confucius, the Taiwan; Minkou, A.D., Min Dynasty, the Era of Information; Taiwan, America, Dutch, Japan, Taiwanese Aborigines; Edutech Foundation, Christianity, Chengkung University |
| (2) Ordinary Noun
(limitless) |
Individual
Commodity Collective |
person, bird, flower,grass,
school, mountain;
water, fire, gold, iron, rice, wheat, potato, sugar cane; nation, society, student, husband & wife, relatives |
| (3) Abstract noun
(limitless) |
Formless
Character & State Motion |
spirit, talent, fortune,
agony, grief;
cleverness, danger, poverty, health; endeavor, struggle, specialty, research, diagnosis, treatment, appointtment |
C2.
代名詞 Pronoun.
定義:用來代替特定名詞的語辭。 分類之,如下：
| Definition: Words that substitue names of given objects, i.e., |
| (1) 稱謂代名詞
(有限數目) |
自稱: goar, goarn, larn
對稱: lie, lirn 他稱: y, yi, yn 統稱: taixkef, pizhuo, hoxsiong 複稱: goarn-taixkef, larn-taixkef, lirn-taixkef, yn-taixkef,, larn-hoxsiong, goar-kaki, lie-kaki, y-kaki, yi-kaki |
我,阮,咱
你,恁 伊,她,尹 大家,彼此,互相;阮大家,咱大家,恁大家,咱互相 我家己,你家己,伊家己,. |
| (2) 指示代名詞
(有限數目) |
近稱: zef, cit'ee, ciah'ee, ciaf, afnny, citkhoarn, citteq, citboea
遠稱: hef, hit'ee, hiah'ee, hiaf, hitkhoarn, hitteq, hitboeq 不定稱: uxee, uxkoar |
這,這個,這些,此,如此,這款,這塊,這尾; 那,那個,彼,那款; 有些,有寡 |
| (3) 疑問代名詞 | symmih, sviafmih, sviaflaang, tofui (有限數目) | 什麼,甚麼,甚人,何位 |
| (4) 指前代名詞 | ee (如:khaq-hor ee,tegpiet ee),+ee (有限數目) | 的(較好的,特別的),者 |
| (1) Appelative
Pronoun
(limitted) |
Self
Partner Others General Complex |
I, we, we
you, you he, she, they all, each other all of us, all of us, all of you, all of them, muyself, yourself, himself, herself |
| (2) Indicative pronoun
(limitted) |
Near
Far Uncertain |
this, this, these, here,
thus, like this, this one, this (fish);
that, that, those, there, like that, that one, that (fish); someone, a few (a little) |
| (3) Interrogative pronoun | (limitted) | what, what, who, where (limitted) |
| (4) Succesive pronoun | (limitted) | one (eg. the better one, the special one), what |
C3 動詞
Verb
.
定義:用來說出及於外物之行動(外動詞),僅止於本身的動作(自動詞),或說出是非關係(是非動詞)的語辭。
即：
| Definition: Words for action (to others), conduct (of the self), and the relationship of yes-no. E,g: |
| (1) 外動詞
(無限數目) |
theh, thviaf, khvoax, phorhoai, katng, ciah, liah, kiax, zay, sngx, giaa, aix, ngrbang | 拿,聽,看,破壞,剪斷,吃,捉,寄,植,算,扛,愛,向望 |
| (2) 自動詞
(無限數目) |
通常動詞: thiaux, kviaa,
poef, hoaq, ze, iotang, poah
情意動詞: hvoahie, oarnthaxn, chiox, khaux, iubun, zay |
跳,行,飛,喊,坐,搖動,跌
歡喜,怨嘆,笑,哭,憂悶,知 |
| (3) 是非動詞
(有限數目) |
決定性: si, mxsi, tioh, mxtioh,
推較性: chinchviu, boo-chinchviu, nar |
是,不是,對,不對
親像,無親像,似 |
| (1) Transitive
verb
(limitless) |
take, hear, look, distroy, carve, eat, catch, mail, plant, count, take, love, hope | |
| (2) Intransitive verb
(limitless) |
general verb
emotional verb |
jump, walk, fly, shout,
sit, vibrate, fall;
joy, resent, laugh, weep, fear, know |
| (3) Affirmative -Negative
verb
(limitted) |
determinative verb
comparative verb |
is (are, am),
do
like, seem, resemble |
C3a.
助動詞 Auxiliary Verb
.
定義:用來賦予動詞有時性,意志,欲望,可能性,完成性等之語辭。即：
| Definition: Words to bestow following verbs concrete time, will, desire, possibility, completion, etc. |
| 助動詞
(有限數目) |
可能性: oextaxng, oe,
u-khofleeng; boextaxng, boe
可准性: oexsae, thafng; boexsae, mxthafng 完成性: u, bad; boo, mxbad 持續性: teq; boteq 被動性: siu 意志性: boeq, aix, aeboeq; m, bo'aix 必須性: tioh, tioqaix 禁絕性: maix 未來性: tehboeq, uxboeq; boboeq, boo-tehboeq, m 繼承性: ciaq, ciu 或然性: kvafu, kvafboeq, kvaf'm, kvaf'boo, kvar-boboeq |
能可,會,有可能;
未可,未
能使,可; 未使,不可 有,曾; 無,不曾 在; 無在 受 要,愛,愛要; 不,無愛 須,須愛 勿 將要,有要; 無要,無將要,不 才,就 敢有,敢要,敢不,敢無,敢無要 |
| Auxiliary verb
(limitted) |
possibility
allowability completion continuation passiveness will neccesity prohibition future successive probable |
able to, can,
with possibility; unable to. cannot
allowed to, can; unallowed to, never have, ever; haven't, never being; not being receive want, like to, want to; unwilling to, not willing to must, need never will (shall), prepared to; don't, not prepared to, don't then to, then seem, likely to |
| Definition: Words for appointing the property, state and rang of the noun. E.g;: |
| Regulation: In MLT/TMSS, the apparent adjectives should link to the directly followed noun with a hyphen (-). |
| (1) 形態形容詞 (無限數目) | 性質: hor, bae, suie, syn,
hofkhvoax, iofngkarm, gaau
形態: ciafm, koaan, oea, puii, toa, sior, toaxhaxn 顏色: aang, legseg, chiefnlek, cyseg, ngg, ngkym-seg 程度: zhokib, kogvar, iusiux |
好,壞,美,新,好看,勇敢,棒;尖,高,矮,肥,大,小,大漢;紅,綠色,淺綠,紫色,黃,黃金色;初級,高雅,優秀 |
| (2) 指示形容詞
(有限數目) |
近程: cit'ee, ciah'ee
遠程: hit'ee, hiah'ee 不定: uxee, iuxkoar, bofbor 統括: sofu, itzhex, toa-poxhun 逐一: muie, muy'ee, tag'ee 別外: padee, kithvaf, |
這個,這些
那個,那些 有些,有寡,某某 所有,一切,大部份 每,每個,各個 別的,其他 |
| (3) 疑問形容詞
(有限數目) |
普通: symmih', sviafmih',
sviaflaang, tofui, tangsii', tor
數量: joazoe, joaxtoa, kuy'ee, kuynaxee, kuytex, kuyciaq |
什麼,甚麼,甚人的,何位,何時; 偌多,偌大,幾個,幾偌個,幾塊,幾隻 |
| (1)
apparent adjective
(limitless) |
property
form color degree |
good, bad,
beautiful, new, pretty, brave, nice
sharp, high, short, fat, large, small, tall red, green, pale green, violet, yellow, golden elementary, elegant, superior |
| (2) Indicative adjective
(limitted) |
near
far indefinite inclusive each one another |
this these
that, those some, a little, a certain every, all, majority of each, every, another, other |
| (3) Interrogative adjective
(limitted) |
general
quantity |
what, what, sho, shere,
when, which
how many, how large, how many |
C4a.
數詞 Numeral
.
定義:
指出物之數量或分量之語辭。
| Definition: Words that defining the quantity of things. |
| 數詞
(有限數目) |
數目: id, ji, safm, sux, gvor,liok,
chid pad, kiuo, sip,...
順序數: toexid, toexji, toexsvaf, toexsix, toexgo, toexlak, toexchid, toexpoeq, toexkao, toexzap,... 個數: cidee, nngxee, sva'ee, sie'ee, goxee, lag'ee, chit'ee, poeh'ee, kawee, zab'ee,..; cidtex, nngxtex,..; cidciaq, nngxciaq, svaciaq, .. |
一,二,三,四,五,六,七,八,九,十,..; 第一,第二,第三,第四,第五,第六,第七,第八,第九,第十,..; 一個,兩個,三個,四個,五個,六個,七個,八個,九個,十個,..; 一塊,兩塊,.. |
| Numeral
(limitted) |
number
ordinal number of article |
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,...
first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,nineth,tenth,.. one piece, two pieces, etc. |
| Definition:
Words to modify verb, adjective or
other adverb. (English translation below may be
not correctly corresponding to the adverb word.) |
| (1) 時間副詞
(有限數目) |
過去: yzeeng, khahzar, kofzar, yzar,
lawzar, zengkefng, koeakhix, hitsii, ykefng
現在: tvaf, citmar, citsii, twtuo 將來: y'au, cionglaai, kim'au 不定: sisioong, uxsii, efng'oarn |
以前,較早,古草,以早,老早,曾經,過去,那時,已經
今,即碼,這時,抵抵 以後,將來,今後 時常,有時,永遠 |
| (2) 方位副詞
(有限數目) |
方向: tafng, tangpeeng, say, saipeeng, laam,
lampeeng, pag, pakpeeng
方位: thauzeeng, auxbin, auxpiaq, cviarpeeng, torpeeng, terngbin, exbin, laixbin, goaxbin, goaxkhao, tiongkafn, hitpeeng, khaq-koaan-hiaf, khaq-ke-hiaf, .. |
東,東旁,西,西旁,南,南旁,北,北旁; 頭前,後面,後壁,右旁,左旁,上面,下面,內面,外面,外口,中間,那旁,較高那,較低那. |
| (3) 性態副詞
(有限數目) |
khaq-hor, khaq-bae, suxsit, boviar, boo-twhor, tekkhag, khaksit, | 較好,較壞,事實,無影,的確,確事 |
| (4) 數次副詞
(有限數目) |
zaesafm, ofng'orng, itlut, cidpae, kapoe | 再三,往往,一律,一次,加倍 |
| (5) 斷定副詞 | pexngboo, sengjieen, khaksixn, boo-itteng, | 並無,誠然, 確信,無一定 |
| (6) 比較副詞 | khaq-, zoex-, khaq-toa, khaq-cior, khaq-sior, zoex-hor | 較,最,較大,較小,較少,最好 |
| (7) 疑問副詞 | afnnar, juhoo, kiarm, kiafm'u, sviafkhoarn | 如何,如何,豈,豈有,甚款 |
| (1) Time adverb
(limitted) |
past
present future uncertain |
before, early,
old time, before, earlier, ever, past,
that time, already; now, present, this time, just; later, future, from now on always, sometimes, for ever |
| (2) Direction adverb
(limitted) |
diquarter
direction |
east, eastern, west, western,south, southern, north, northern; front, rear, back, right, left, upper, lower, inside, outside, exterior, middle, that side, higher part, lower part |
| (3) Character adverb
(limitted) |
better, worse, in fact, untrue, inconveniently, truely, certainly | |
| (4) Occurance adverb
(limitted) |
repeatedly, occationally, uniformly, onece, in double | |
| (5) Conclusive adverb | never, truly, believed, not certainly | |
| (6) Comparison adverb | more, most, greater, less, smaller, best, | |
| (7) Interogative adverb | how, how, possibly, ever, however |
C6. 介詞 Preposition and Postposition
定義:用來指出語辭間關係的語辭。 分類之,如下：
| Definition: Words that define relationship of other words. |
| (1) 時地介詞 | ti, tuix, tuy, zu, iuu, hioxng, kaux, zuxcioong | 在,對,從,自,由,向,到,自從 |
| (2) 原因介詞 | in'ui, sofie | 因為,所以 |
| (3) 方法介詞 | eng, cuaux, pie, pykaux, laai, khix, kantvaf, togtok | 用,照,比,比較,來,去,干單,獨獨 |
| (4) 領間介詞 | ee | 的 |
| (5) 後接辭 | -terng, -e, -tiofng, -lai, -goa, -khaf, -pvy, -zeeng, -kafn, | 上,下,中,內,外,腳,邊,前,間 |
| (1) Time-place
prepositiont
(limitted) |
at, to, from, from, pass, toward, till, beginning from |
| (2) Indicative preposition | because, therefore |
| (3) Interrogative preposition | using, as, comparing, in comparison, then begin, then do, only, alone |
| (4) Succesive preposition | of |
| (5) Postposition | above, below, inside, outside, under, side, before, between |
C7 連詞
Conjunction
.
定義:
用來指出語辭與語辭,句與句,節與節之間連絡關係的語辭。 分類之,如下：
| Definition:
Words that show relation between a word and a word, a phrase and a phrase,
or a clause and a clause. |
| (1) 並列連詞 | kab, koq, jixchviar, ykip, ia, ma (有限數目) | 和,又,而且,以及,也,亦 |
| (2) 選擇連詞 | iafsi, mxsi .. ciuxsi, naxboo, na .. ciu | 或是,不是...就是,若無,若..就 |
| (3) 承接連詞 | sofie, ciu, ciuxsi, zu-afnny, ciu thangzay, usi | 所以,就,就是,自如此,就可知,於是 |
| (4) 轉折連詞 | mxkuo, mxkoq, taxnsi, hohorng, putliau, hoafntngr, sviaflaang zay, boo-tekkhag, khioksi | 不過,不復,但是,何況,不料,反轉,甚人知,無的確 |
| (5) 因果連詞 | in'ui .. sofie, goanlaai, inzhuo, iu'uu, tiesuo | 因為..所以,原來,因此,由於,致使 |
| (6) 假設連詞 | kafsuo, na, naxsi korng, jukor, cy'iaux | 假使,若,若是講,如果,只要 |
| (7) 比較連詞 | chinchviu, nar, khofpie, kvafnar, putjuu korng, tefng'uu, ciaoviu | 親像,如,可比,敢如,不如講,等於,照樣 |
| (1) Lining-up conjunction (limitted) | and, and also, what is more, and next, too, too |
| (2) Selecting conjunction | or, not .. then, if not, if ... then |
| (3) Succesive conjunction | so, then, it's then, owing to this, thus to be seen, accordingly |
| (4) Contrary conjunction | but, but, but, however, unexpectedly, or to say, in contrary, who knows, it could be, contrarily |
| (5) Causality conjunction | because .. so, to begin with, owing to this, if, only if |
| (6) Hypothetical conjunction | for instance, if, if to say so, in casxe that, only if |
| (7) Comparative conjunction | as it were, as if, as an example, like, in another word, equivaletly, as in acoordance to, |
C8 助詞
Auxiliary
.
定義:用來表現出說話的神情和態度的語辭。其必須連在名詞或動詞之尾者,稱為接尾助辭。
即：
| Definition: Words to demonstrate the mood and sensation in the speech. The partial word which must suffix to a noun or a verb for the same effects is called Auxiliary Suffix. |
| (1) 名詞接尾助辭 | -ar, +niq, +aq | 仔,裡,啊 |
| (2) 動詞接尾助辭 | -teq, -tioh,-kaux, -laai, -khix, -loqlaai,
-loqkhix, -khylaai, -khylix, -cviuxlaai, -cviuxkhix,
-jiblaai, -jibkhix, -zhutlaai, -zhutkhix, -zhud, -jip, -khuy,
-sie, -hor, -liao, -tiaau, -tiau, +boo? +boe? -boo, -mxzay, -mxtioh, -boexkaux, -boexlaai, -boexkhix, -boexzhud, -boexjip, -boexkhuy, -bosie, -mxhor, -boliao, -boextiaau, -boextiau |
得,著,到,來,去,落來,落去,起來,起去,上來,上去,入來,入去,出來,出去,出,入,開,死,好,了,住,掉,無? 未? 無,不知,不著,未到,未來,未去,未出,未入,未開,無死,不好,無了,未住,未掉 |
| (3) 一般助詞 | laq, neq, ox, maq, oo, hvor, leq, niq, naxtvia | 啦,咧,噢,麼,哦,哦,呢,哩,而已 |
| (1) Auxiliary noun suffix | (2) Auxiliary verb suffix | (3) General suffix |
定義:獨立表達驚訝,讚歎,傷感,痛惜,歡笑,譏諷,憤怒,鄙斥,問安,應諾等表情的語辭。
| Definition: Word by itself expressing a sentimental feeling. |
| (1) 一般歎詞 | Ox,
Ah, Ae, Hngr, Ai'ah, Hoo? Hvaa? Ha, Hea,
Hee? Oaa, Hahaa, Oaqhar, Afnnar? Symmih! Sviar? Sviaflaang? Tvaf, Hor! Zharm! Hveq? Si! Tioh, Mxtioh! Chvrar, Zarn! |
喔,啊,噯,哼,唉呀,呵?哼?哈,嘿,嘿?娃哇,哈哈,嗢哈,怎樣?什麼!甚?甚人?
今,好!慘!是!是!
對,不對!請,讚! |
| (2) 呼叫辭 | Oea!
Oee! Hae! Hei! Siaolieen+ee! Oong+ee!
Koniuu! Siensvy! Lauxsw! Liim Kaosiu! Siofciar!
Laau Bogsw! Cia Ciongkwn, Gaan+Siensvy! Lie! Cit'ui peng'iuo! Cit'ui Thaethaix! |
喂!唯!嗨!嘿!少年的!王的!
姑娘!先生!老師!林教授!小姐! 劉牧師!謝將軍!顏先生! 你!這位朋友!這位太太! |
| (1) Ordinary interjection | Oh,
Ah, Ae, H'm (Hem, Hum), Aha, Ha,
Ha?, Ha, Hah, Ha? Ha, Haha, Haha, How? What! What? Who? Now, Good! Terrible, He, Yah! Yes, Wrong! Please, Nice! |
| (2) Accosting | Hey
(Ay,Aye), Hallo, Hi, Hey: Young one, Mr. Oong,
Miss! Mister! Teacher! Professor Liim! Miss! Minister Laau! Admiral Cia! Mister Gaan! You! My friend! Madam! |
D. 組合辭和合成辭 Combined Word & Compound Word
台語的語辭,除了單一語辭(單語)之外,另有組合辭。 組合辭就是兩個或以上的單一語辭以連符(-)相連而組成的語辭; 在"根據文法的語辭觀念"中有個例解釋。
| Beside ordinary simple word, Taiwanese word includes combined word. Conbined word is the word constructed by binding two or more simple words by hyphene(s). Individual examples are given in the issue "Grammatical Concept of Word". |
[1] hopeeng-kea'oeh(和平計劃)
peace-project
<名詞 A><-><名詞 B> = <名詞 A> ee
<名詞 B>
<noun A><-><noun B> = <noun B>
of <noun A>
[2] hoehngg-lai(花園內)
garden-inside
<名詞><-><方位介詞>
<noun
A><-><postposition>
[3] uytai-kongloo(偉大功勞)
great-achievement
<形容詞><-><名詞> <adjective><-><noun>
[4] oh-hagbun(學學問):
learningt-knowledge
<動詞><-><名詞> <verb><-><noun>
[5] khaq-toaxhaxn(較大漢)
more-tall
<(較,最><-><形容詞>
<monosyllable comparison adverb><-><adjective>
[6] cyn-khofphvax(真可怕)
very-terrible
<(很,真,足,太,無)><-><二音節形容詞>
<monosyllable adverb><-><two-syllable
adjective>
[7] oanseeng-liao(完成了)
accomplished
<二音節動詞><-><單音節助辭>
<twosyllable verb><-><monosyllable
suffix>
[8] kviaa-jiblaai(走進來)
walk-inward
<動詞><-><二音節助詞> <verb><-><twosyllable
suffix>
[9] 1997-nii
1997-year
<阿剌伯數字><-><單位> <Arabian
numeral><-><unit>
[10] serngkefng-serngsy(聖經聖詩)
bible-hymn
<名詞 A><-><名詞 B> = <名詞 A> kab
<名詞 B>
<noun A><-><noun B> = <noun A>
and <noun B>
[11] byle-taixhofng(美麗大方)
pretty-liberal
<形容詞><-><形容詞> = <形容詞> koq <形容詞>
<adjective><-><adjective> = <adjective>
and <adjective>
[12]
saosia-hongzax(掃射轟炸)
<動詞><-><動詞> = <動詞> koq <動詞>
<verb><-><verb> = <verb> and <verb>
觀念
1.語辭為單位的文章
/ 2.名詞句 / 3.辭與句 / 4.語辭的文法屬性 / 5.組合辭 -- 語辭-語辭 / 6.特殊形式的語辭
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