| Primary Subject by Liim Keahioong |
| Taiguo
ee Sviatiau
Tones in Taiguo, with Reading Practice |
| zoarn-khix --> | [MLT ] | Prospects-0 | EDUTECH-T |
Fundamental Idea
.
.* There are fixed tone-variations in words
of every kind of languages. . .Generally,
the tone of a syllable in a word is not specifically shown in the literal
form of the word. . .People
remembers the tone-variation of every word, when he first encounters that
word in the primary stage of learning.
.
.¡@
.
.*
Han People likes to read classic poems,
so they emphasizes the sound and tone of every Chinese character in the
poem.
. . . .
.
.* To learn the modern Taiwanese language
is not the same as learning poems of thousand years ago.
. .
.
..* In order to study Taiwanese language,
a modern people need not study hard the tone characteristics of each word.
. .We let a begginer,
remenbers the pronunciation of each word, which include the sence of tone
of each syllable in the word from its spelling.
.
.
. . Only
at the later stage, one may study those unfamiliar words from the dictionary,
then he can recognize the accurate tone and sound from the spelling.
. .He becomes also able
to write the accurate spelling of the word from its accurate pronunciation.
.
.
| a
e i o ø
u
ai au ia iø iu iau oa oe ui am an ang eng ong oan im in iam iang ien iong m ng |
¡@
.
.*
The
F-tone is
an ordinary tone that is flat and without special stress nor pulling nor
oppressing.
.
. ¡@
.
.* If you see a differet spelling
in any word of the sentence, you know it must be some other tone.
| af
ef y of øf
w
ay aw iaf iøf iw iaw oaf ¡@oef uy afm afn afng efng ofng oafn ym yn iafm iafng iefn iofng mf ngf |
| aa
ee ii oo øo
uu
aai aau iaa iøo iuu iaau oaa oea uii aam aan aang eeng oong oaan iim iin iaam iaang ieen ioong mm ngg |
| ax
ex ix ox øx
ux
aix aux ¡@iax iøx iux iaux ¡@oax¡@oex uix axm axn axng exng oxng oaxn ixm ixn iaxm iaxng iexn ioxng mx ngx |
| ar
ea ie or ør
uo
ae ao iar iør iuo iao oar ¡@oea uie arm arn arng erng orng oarn irm irn iarm iarng iern iorng mr ngr |
| [a/]
[e/] [i/]
[o/] [o/]
[u/]
¡@ [a/i] [a/u] [ia/] [io/] [iu/] [ia/u] [oa/] [oe/] [uie/] [a/m] [a/n] [a/ng] [e/ng] [o/ng] [oa/n] [i/m] [i/n]
[ia/m] [ia/ng]
[ie/n] [io/ng]
|
.
.* Cutting short, the depressed tones and
the pushed-out tones changes to the
lower-stops (LS tones)
and
the higher-stops
(HS tones), correspondingly.
| D-tone
ax
¡÷ LS-tone aq
D-tone oax ¡÷ LS-tone oaq |
P-tone
ar
¡÷ HS-tone
ah
P-tone oar ¡÷ HS-tone oah |
| aq
eq iq oq øq
uq
aiq auq ¡@iaq iøq iuq iauq ¡@oaq¡@oeq uiq ab ad ag eg og oad ib id iab iag ied iog mq ngq |
| ah
eh ih oh øh
uh
aih auh ¡@iah iøh iuh iauh ¡@oah¡@oeh uih ap at ak ek ok oat ip it iap iak iet iok mh ngh |
| ¡@¡@¡@¡@
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@Sound
of a Harnji
¡@¡@¡@ ¡@¡@¡@¡@¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ . . . . . . . . . .soft (peeng) ¡@¡@ ¡@ strong (zeg) . . . .¢z¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢{ . . . . . . . . . . . .¢z¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢{ . . . . flat . . . . . . . . . .bend . . . . . . . .pushed . . . . . . . .stopped . ¢z¢w¢r¢w¢{¡@. . ¢z¢w¢r¢w¢{. . . . . . ¢z¢w¢r¢w¢{. . . . . . ¢z¢w¢r¢w¢{ F-tone R-tone B-tone (B-up). . D-tone P-tone LS-tone HS-tone . . oa. . . . oaf. . . . oaa. . . . oaar. . . . oax. . . oar. . . . . oaq. . . . oah |
¡@¡@
| Flat &
soft ¡@
Stressed
Stopped
R-tone¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¡@ oaf ¡@¡@¡@¡@ P-tone . . oar¡@. . HS-tone. . oah F-tone¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w . .oa B-tone¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w . . . . oaa D-tone . . oax. . .. . . LS-tone. . oaq |
Hight
high medium
|
¡@Note:
Pitch or
hight
of
a sound suggests the position on a musical instrument.
That is, on the progress of pitch on the score, from low to high can be
seen as sounds from (1)
do,
(2) re,
(3) mi,
(4) fa,
(5) so,
(6) la,
(7) ti,
and so on.
¡@¡@Another
standard for differenciating the property of sounds is its
intensity
or
strength;
as from pianissimo
to
fortissimo.
In this view,
| ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
.
. Intensity.
. . . ¡@Tones
constant strength |¢w¡÷|¡@. . F-, H-, and B-tones form strong to weak |¡Â¡û |¡ . . D- and P-tones strong to disappear |¡Â¢B |¡@. . .LS- and HS-tones |
| (1)
F-tones
(Fundamental
tones) and R-tones (Raised
tones) with ~f
(2) R-tones (Raised tones) with -y (3) R-tones (Raised tones) with -w (4) B-tones (Bend tones) with aa, ii, uu (5) B-tones (Bend tones) with ee, oo, øo (6) B-tones (Bend tones) with mm, ngg (7) D-tones (Depressed tones) with ~x (8) P-tones (Pushed-out tones) with ~r (9) P-tonesof other spellings. |
(1) F-tones
and R-tones (Raised
tones) with ~f
|
Zef si Guchiaf
¡@ Zef si guchiaf. Hef si befchiaf.¡@ Zef si kongchiaf.¡@ Hef si høefchiaf. ¡@ Zef si sikoef. Hef si tangkoef.¡ Hef si symmih? Hef si kimkoef.¡@Zef si lanhoef. Hef si tehoef. Zef si enghoef. ¡@ Hef si boftafn. Zef si tepoef. ¡@¡@ Si papaf ee tepoef.¡@ ¡@Hef si symmih?¡@Hef si mamaf ee te'aw. Ciaf si Taitiofng.¡@¡@Hiaf si Taitafng. ¡@ Ciaf si Taisef. ¡@ ¡@ Hiaf si Pintofng. ¡@¡@Zef si symmih?¡@ Zef si siøfmoe ee sinsvaf.¡@ Hef si siøfti ee svaf. Siøfti ee svaf, o'of. ¡@ ¡@Ciaf u symmih?¡@¡@Ciaf u cinzøe høefkimkof.¡@¡@Hiaf u symmih?¡@¡@Hiaf ia u cinzøe høefkimkof. |
.
(2) R-tones
(Raised
tones) with
-y
|
Lym Kapy
¡@¡@Zef si papaf ee kapy.¡@ Papaf lym kapy.¡@Siøfmoe lym byny (bylefng). Siøfti lym guny(gulefng). ¡@¡@A'Kiaw, cyn-kofzuy.¡@Yi ma cyn-øe sainay. ¡@ Yi ee hviakøf si suky.¡@Y si kongchiaf ee suky. ¡@¡@Zef si a'Efng ee iency. ¡@Yi u cinzøe iency.¡@ A'Efng ee papaf u bykym. A'Efng ee mamaf u kimkym ee ngkym. Tafui u pengky?¡@Siøfti-hiaf u pengky.¡@ Pølepoef he pengky, y ciu lerng-kiky.¡@Ciaf u zhengpefng zhafm gulefng.¡@Khaq-tvy ee, si gulefng iafsi pengky? Tiafmsym ti tafui?¡@Hef ti mamaf-hiaf. Tiafmsym u symmih? U angtau-thngf ma u angtau-pefng. ¡@Ciaqpng-kefng u tang'øf, bykøf kab iensuy.¡@Hiaf ma u hepy kab hoeky. Svoalai u say kab svoaty.¡@ Haypvy-hiaf u soatuy.¡@ Chimsvoaf-lai ee ty si svoaty.¡@ Kuituy ee soaf si soatuy. |
(3) R-tones
(Raised
tones) with -w
|
Cidciaq kimkw
¡@Ciaf u cidciaq kimkw. ¡@ Si zhvef ee kimkw.¡@ Hiaf u kuyciaq kimkw?¡@ Hiaf u kawciaq kimkw. ¡@Hef si cidciaq kw. ¡@Si haykw, si ti haylai ee haykw. ¡@Haypvy kiarm u kawhia kab titw? ¡@¡@Hiaf u kuyciaq niaw? U kawciaq niaw.¡@Kitiofng u svaciaq, si of ee niaw.¡@ Hef si a'Kiaw yn-taw ee niaw. ¡@¡@Zhwn-ha-chiw-tofng.¡@ Kaciw na si zhunthvy, Lamhuy si chiuthvy. Zhunthvy, joaqthvy, chiuthvy kab kvoathvy. Afnny Aciw si symmih'thvy? ¡@Ma si zhunthvy. Hongthay-thvy, hofng cviatoa. ¡@Thvykngf ee sii, thvy o'of. Høfthvy, phvaythvy, sva'kauvoa. Symmih si longhw kytiøh thvy teq kithai? .. Si ho. ¡@¡@A'Li yn-taw ee lauthuy-khaf-hiaf, u cidkefng pangkefng. ¡@Hiaf u cviakngf ee mngthafng, kab cidee toa ee sizefng. ¡@A'Li ee siensvy kab yn-cyhw, ti ciaf kofng'oe, ti ciaf suhhwn. ¡@Ti cit'ee pangkefng-lai,¡@yn u cviazøe thafng hoailiam ee su. |
(4) B-tones
(Bend tones) with
aa,
ii, uu
|
Taioaan-Laang
¡@¡@Chiuhaa si Taioaan-laang, a'Buun ia si Taioaan-laang.¡@Yn tuy Taioaan laai. Yn ee akofng kab papaf ti Taioaan. ¡@ Yn-taw ti tøfui? .¡@Chiuhaa yn-taw ti Tailaam. .¡@Si Taioaan ee Tailaam.¡@A'Buun yn-taw ti Gilaan. . A'Giim yn-taw ti Zøfviaa iafsi Køhioong? ¡@¡@Tailaam, Gilaan, Zøfviaakab Køhioong lorng ti Taioaan. Chiuhaa, a'Buun, a'Giim kab a'Thøo lorng si Taioaan-laang. ¡@¡@Kinnii si 1997-nii. Menii si 1998-nii.¡@A'Giimbøeq ti 1999-nii khix Kaciw.¡@Tangsii Chiuhaa bøeq tngflaai Taioaan?¡@Yi bøeq ti menii ee sinnii tngflaai ciaf.¡@Sinnii-y'au. yi ciu ti Taioaan. ¡@¡@Hit'ee puipuii, koankoaan, koq bin vivii ee laang si sviaflaang?¡@Y si a'Kiaw ee hviakøf.¡@ Y laai ciaf bøeq i-khakiuu.¡ Y kantvaf bøeq i-khakiuu, y m i-nakiuu. ¡@¡@A'Kiaw ia laai ciaf laq.¡@Yi zheng aang ee svaf kab of ee kuun. Yi u haa uikuun, .si zuy'aang ee uikuun. ¡@¡@Zuytii-lai u cviazøe hii, si kimhii kab lyhii.¡@Longtviu-hitpeeng u guu kab viuu. ¡@¡@Hii bøe kviaa, guukab viuu øe kviaa.¡@Oe-kviaa køq øe-pøef ee thaang si symmih?¡@Hef si hosiin. |
(5) B-tones
(Bend tones) with
ee,
oo, øo
|
Cidtviw Too
¡@¡@Hiaf, koankoaan ee sofzai, u cidtviw too. ¡ Hittiw si symmih'too?¡@ Si cidciaq lionghee ee too.¡@Hitciaq lionghee chinchviu Hayleeng-Oong, ciu'uii u cinzøe hii, hee kab kw. ¡@¡@Hayleeng-Oong si zuylai ee oong.¡@Y khia ti Liongkiofng, teq thofngti hayviuu. Laang korng, liongkiofng ti Taioaan ee Phvi'oo. Phvi'oo si tøfsu, ti Taioaan ee saipeeng. ¡@¡@Zuykaw u zhanlee, hnglai u loxlee, ¡@.zhawpof u suyguu, ochiw ia ti hiaf. ¡@¡@Hitzaang si symmih?¡@Hitzaang si viuthøo.¡@Hiaf ma u Phutøo. Phutøo svy kuikøo. ¡@ Sviaflaang laai?¡@Chintoong laai.¡@Cympøo, mfpøo tangzøee laai. Laai, laai, laai.¡@Laai ciafze.¡@Bøeq lym angtee iafsi olioong-tee?¡@Yn m limtee, bøeq uiloo.¡@Zwnpi angciim, zhawhee kab zulekee. ¡@ Kiafmbøo kiamhii kab afmmoee?¡@¡@Na bøo, u mi ma khaq-viaa bøo. |
(6) B-tones
(Bend tones) with
mm,
ngg
|
Hoehngg-lai
¡@¡@Hoehngg-lai u cviazøe hoef teq khuy.¡@Chiu u hoe'mm.¡@Kiarm ykefng si zhunthvy?¡ Hoe'mm na khuy, hiaf ciu købøeq u hoef.¡ Hef si enghoef ee hoe'mm. ¡@A'Thøo laai hoehngg,¡@yi kab yn-mamaf laai.¡@Yn khia ti hoehngg-mngg-hiaf.¡@Bibii ee zhunhofng teq zhøef yn ee thaumngg. Zafkhysii ee jidkngf, ho yn ee viar tngtngg. ¡@¡@Hoehngg u cinzøe hoef.¡@Ngg ee hoef u bidthngg ee phangbi. Aang ee hoef kvafnar a'Thøo ee angsvaf, ti chvichvy ee zhawpof ee tiong'ngf. ¡@Lipaf-goa u hanzuu-hngg.¡@Ti hiaf, khiukhiuu ee, .si hanzuu-tiin. Lipaf-lai si zafkhysii ee hoehngg, si a'Thøo yn-taw ee au-hoehngg.¡@ |
(7) D-tones
(Depressed
tones) with
~x
|
Hoxsvoax
¡@¡@A'Siux ee hoxsvoax si kofzuy ee hoxsvoax. A'Kexng ee hoxsvoax si of køq phoax ee hoxsvoax. Goaxbin si hoxthvy, yn ciu giah hoxsvoax. Afnny zhutmngg, sengkhw ciaq bøe taam. ¡@ A'Kexng zheng hoxmoaf, a'Siux zheng hoxy. Yi ia toax chiwthøx, in'ui goaxbin cviakvoaa. Kiarm zay, a'Kexng si a'Siux ee moexsaix? Y ti chixgoa teq zexng kamciax kab zhvezhaix. ¡@¡@A'Siux bøeq khix pan taixcix. Yi ti chixlai teq sioxngpafn. Yi si cidee lauxsw, teq kax Engbuun kab lyhoax. Hoxthvy yi ma bøeq khix kax yi ee hagsefng. ¡@ Expof haxpafn-au, yi ciu khix zhixtviuu bøefzhaix. Hiaf u mixsvoax, kwzhaix, tauxzhaix kab hoezhaix. Kiarm u kithvaf sinsiefn ee zhvezhaix? Auxbin hitpeeng u lefngtoxng ee kølezhaix. Swnkvoaf, kiamzhaix, kinciøf, kab onglaai. Mixpaw, tauxkvoaf, hi'oaan, kab ienchieen. U hii, moaa, kampoex, tauxcviux thafng kunthngf. Bah'iuu, thotau-iuu, moa'iuu bøeq zhafzhaix. Hoxthvy, toaxho løh-bøextheeng. A'Siux zhwn thaau khvoax goaxbin. Ho+aq, ho+aq, nar løh-lorng-bøextheeng. Chiwlai ee toaxpaw zhvezhaix si bøeq afnnar kvoa? |
(8) P-tones
(Pushed-out tones) with
~r
|
Pørzoar-siong
ee Korsu
¡@¡@Papaf teq khvoax kin'afjit ee pørzoar. Y kiøx goarn laai ciaf ze, y bøeq korng korsu. Pørzoar u siar Taaioaan-laang phaq hor ee korsu. Y korng: ¡@ "Tngf Jidpurn ciarmlerng Taioaan ee sii, azor tviaxtvia khix phaq hor. Y korng bøeq khix phaq hor, kisit si khix zhøe Jidpurn-laang pørsiuu. Jidpurn-laang ti armsii laai zng+nih, thauthau'ar ka larn ee zngbiin armsngx. ¡@¡@"Lirn ee azor, laang cin'iorng køq u zernggi-karm. Y armsii zhutmngg, zafkhysii ciaq tngr+laai. Uxsii y øe tiøqsiofng, ma bøo korng si afnzvoar. Suijieen guxtiøh guihiarm, y ma chiørchiøx korng, phaq hor cviaa-høfsngr. ¡@ "Y u cidee zabor-kviar, si lirn ee amar. Amar svy papaf, her ciuxsi goar. Azor cinthviax lirn-amar, mxkafm ho yi ciaqkhor. ¡ Amar lorng mxzaiviar lirn-azor si afnnar teq phaq hor. "Uxcidjit, lirn-amar zhar bøeq kab azor khix phaq hor. Azor thviatiøh yi bøeq tøex, ciu simlai cviaa-hoanlør. Y-sym cide khykoong, ciu toaxsviaf ka yi me. Me-liao, y ciu cidlaang pviarsex zao-zhudkhix goaxbin. "Hitsii uxlaang khvoartiøh azor ti goaxbin thauthau'ar teq laau bagsae. Y hiornglaai mxbad afnny ka lirn-amar toaxsviaf me. Y sviu, y afnny khix phaq Jidpurn-laang, na bøextaxng thafng tng+laai, si bøeq afnnar ciaq hør. Lautiøh lirn-amar cidee laang ......" Kin'afjit ee pørzoar u siar phaq hor ee taixcix. Ti hiaf bøo siar, si sviaflaang khix phq hor. Tvaf, larn lorng zaiviar, he si larn ee azor. Larn ciu ia bøeq laai øh y, cviazøx iofngkarm ee torsu. |
(9) P-tones
(Pushed-out tones) of other spellings.
|
Goar ee Toaxcie, a'Bie
¡@Goar u cidee toaxcie kiørzøx a'Bie. A'Bie Cie, toa goar siehøex; yi ee laang suie køq kiesexng cviahør. Zef, goar kab yi sionghoarn; goar ee laang zholor, køq kiesexng cviabae. A'Bie Cie zaiviar goar hotoo, yi iao si cviaa-thviax+goar. ¡@Uxcidjit, yi zhoa goar bøeq khix khvoarhix. Kaux hievi ee mngkhao, pailiet bøeq jip+khix ee sizun, goar ciaq hoatkiexn bøo zaq hie'phiøx laai. Acie khvoax goar teq toa-tiøqkib, ciu khinkhyn søf goar ee thaukhag, chiørchiøx-korng, "Ae lie køq bøexkix+tid." ¡@¡@Muypae, goar na bøeq zhutmngg, yi ciu laai goar ee sinpvy; cit'hang-hit'hang thøex goar zernglie. Køq ka goar cit'hang-hit'hang hoanhux laai thechvie. Zef si in'ui yi zay, goar ee kiesexng tegpiet bae, køq suxsu bøgaau phahsngx kab koafnlie. Yi cibin zernglie cidbin korng, "Zef ti ciaf, hef ti hiaf, lie tiøh mxthafng bøexkix+tid." ¡@¡@Kuxnii, acie ti Kalie kiet'hwn. Kiet'hwn-au ciu bøeq khix thaekog zøx senglie. Goar tuy Taipag ze høefchiaf kvoarkhix hux yn ee kiet'hwn-seg. Tngf goar taqjip zhux+nih ee sii, kiet'hwn-seg tehbøeq khaisie. Goar kynkirn zawkhix zhøe acie; ciu ka yi korng, "Kionghie, kionghie. Goar ee acie ! Zef si lie ee hør-jidcie !" Goar ciu khaisie ti goar ee svaf ee muy'cidee laktøexar+nih, zhøe hit'ee bøeq saxng ho yi ee kym-chiwcie. Tidtit-zhøe tidtit-zhøe, khioksi lorng zhøe-bøo ! ¡@¡@Acie ti hiaf khvoax goar zhøe-gaq bin lorng aang+khylaai. Yi khia+teq, tarn cidtiap'ar-kuo. Yi ee bin iao si chiørchiøx, ar khinhyn'ar kofngzhud, "Ae, lie køq bøexkix+tid laq." A'Bie Cie, goar zoex-chin'aix ee toaxcie. Suijieen lie ykefng khix ti hngxhng ee Thaekog, goar iao sisioong teq hoailiam+lie. Goar ee kiesexng iao si hiahniq'bae, mxkuo sisioong lorng øe sviuxkhie lie, goar ee acie. Sviuxkhie lie ee thviarsym, lie ee chiørioong, kab lie ee hitkux oe, "Ae, lie køq bøexkix+tid." Ciah'ee, kaux efng'oarn, goar lorng bøe bøexkix+tid. |