Pronunciation of Taiwanese Word in TMSS with  Phonetogram  A new-hand in TMSS will find it easier to read by writing a separator ( ' ) before every consonant letter in the Taiwanese word.

 .      .             . . . . . . ..     .   .to EDUTECH Entry-Page

Phonetogram is a modern diagramatic phonetics by arranging vowels at proper  position that expresses whether it is to be pronounted in ordinary height, elevated hight, or lowered height.   In the following tables, phonetogram is given with red characters.

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Unaspirated consonants (Round consonants)

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 . b~[b~]. English : . bad, basket, big, bill, book, bush, beg, better, boy, about, cabinet,
 .  .  .  .  .  . about, cabinet, stable, tribune, inbed, aboard, stubborn, brother
 .  .  .  Japanese: . obasan, oba'asan, bo'ia, obake

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 . c~[c~]. English: . cicisbe'o .  . German: Cicero, circa, cis, cirto .
 .  .  . Japanese: . ci'isai, aira, kocira, gocisoo .  . 

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 . g~[g~]. English: . gas, gun, give, gift, good, get, god, go, gone, girl, glider,  great,again, ago
 .  .  .   German: . guten Morgen .  . Japanese: gocisoo

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 . j~[j~]. English: . just, jazz, jigsaw, jealous, jelly, joy, joint, ajar
 .  .  . Japanese:  . ajinomoto, ojisan, oji'isan, ojiorcian 

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 . k~[k~]. English: . broken, waiking, taking, broken, walkway, ski, skill

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 . l~ [l~] . English: . liberty, lubricant, lesson, lobby, allow, glass, slope, only,slowly

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 . m~[m~]. English: . margine, mistress, moon, Mecca, Mongol, monkey, amount

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 . n~ [n~] . English: . Napoleon, Nipple, noon, net, nonsence, another, anybody,  snow

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 . p~[p~]. English: . apple, supper, happiness, copy, Nepal, Apollo, spot, apron, spy

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 . s~[s~]. English: . Sunday, sister, soup, set, society, smooth, aspirin

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 . t~[t~]. English: . metallic, notebook, atom, meticulour, category, saturate, history

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 . z~[ts~]. German: . Zauber, zehn, zusammen, Zorn . 

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Aspirated consonants (Sharp consonants)

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 . ch~[c~]. English: . chicken, chief, cheer, cheese, child

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 . h~ [h~]..  English: . have, history, hood, head, hostile, hot

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 . kh~[k~]. . English: . [k^h~]  key, king, Khan, khaddal, khaki, khalifa,   khamsin, Khud

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 . ph~[p~]. . English: . [p^h~]  pay, put, pant, picture, speak, pool, profit,  population

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 . th~ [t~]. . English: . [t^h~]  tea, tie, tone, Thames, thym
 .  .  .  . German: . Thema, Thales, Thor . 

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 . zh~[ts~].  .  . 

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Nasal consonants [v~]

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 . v~ .  . cv~ .  . chv~ .  . gv~ .  . kv~ .  . khv~ . ¡@pv~ .  . phv~ .  . sv~ .
 .  .  .  . tv~¡@¡@thv~¡@¡@zv~ .  . zhv~ . 

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Low stops

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 . ~b[_~b].  .  .  .~d[_~d]  .  .  .  . ~g [_~g] .  .  .  . ~q [_~q]

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High stops

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 . ~p [^~p] .  .  .  . ~t [^~t] .  .  .  . ~k [^~k]  .  .  .   ~h [^~h].

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Vowels in spelling and in phonetogram   Only "o" in spelling has two different sounds, i.e. ordinary [o] and the Ciangciw-related sound of [o].

Vowels of fundamental tone   [!] represents a consonant.

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 . a [!a] ..ai[!ai]. au[!au]. am[!am]. an[!an]. ang[!ang].  .  . e[!e]. eng[!eng]
 . i[!i] .ia[!ia] .iau[!iau] .io[!io] .iu[!iu] .im[!im] .in[!in] .iang[!iang] .iong[!iong] .ien[!ien].
 . o[!o] .oa[!oa]oai[!oai]oe[!oe]ong[!ong]oan[!oan]  o[!o] oe[!oe](= oe^or .e)
 . u[!u] .ui[!ui] .un[!un] ..  . m[!m] .ng[!ng] .¡@ 

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Vowels of raised tone

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 . af [!^a] ..ay [!^ai] .aw [!^au] .afm [!^am] .afn [!^an] .afng [!^ang] .  . ef [!^e] .efng [!^eng]
 . y [!ⁱ] ..iaf [!^ia] .iaw [!^iau] .iof [!^io] .iw [!^iu] .ym [!^im] .yn [!ⁱⁿ] .iafng [!^iang] .iofng [!^iong] . iefn [!^ien] .
 . of [!^o] ..oaf [!^oa] oay [!^oai] oef [!^oe] ofng [!^ong] oafn [!^oan]  .  . of [!^o] oef [!^oe]
 . w [!^u] ..uy [!^ui]wn [!^un] .  . mf [!^m]  .  . ngf [!^ng]

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Vowels of pushed-up tone 

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 . ar [!^a+] ..ae [!^a+i] .ao [!^au+] .arm [!^am+] .arn [!^an+] .arng [!^ang+] .  . ea [!^e+] .erng [!^eng+]
 . ie [!ⁱ⁺] ..iar [!^ia+] .iao [!^iau+] .ior [!^io+] .iuo [!^iu+] .irm [!^im+] .irn [!ⁱⁿ⁺] .iarng [!^iang+] .iorng [!^iong+] . iern [!^ien+]
 . or [!^o+] .oar [!^oa+] oae [!^oai+] oea [!^oe+] orng [!^ong+] oarn [!^oan+]  .or [!^o+] oea [!^oe+]
 . uo [!^u+] ..uie [!^ui+] urn [!^un+] .  . mr [!^m+]  .  . ngr [!^ng+]

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Vowels of pushed-down tone

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 . ax [!_a] ..aix [!_ai] .aux [!_au] .axm [!_am] .axn [!_an] .axng [!_ang] .  . ex [!_e] .exng [!_eng]
 . ix [!_i] ..iax [!_ia] .iaux [!_iau] .iox [!_io] .iux [!_iu] .ixm [!_im] .ixn [!_in] .iaxng [!_iang] .ioxng [!_iong] . iexn [!_ien]
 . ox [!_o] ..oax [!_oa] oaix [!_oai] oex [!_oe] oxng [!_ong] oaxn [!_oan]  .  . ox [!_o] oex [!_oe]
 . ux [!_u] ..uix [!_ui] uxn [!_un] .  . mx [!_m]  .  . ngx [!_ng]

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Vowels of bend tone 

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 . aa [!a^a] ..aai[!a^i]. aau[!a^u]. aam[!a^m]. aan[!a^n]. aang[!a^ang].  .  . ee[!e^e]. eeng[!e^eng]
 . ii[!i^i] .iaa[!ia^a] .iaau[!ia^u] .ioo[!io^o] .iuu[!iu^i] .iim[!^iim] .iin[!i^n] .iaang[!ia^ang] .ioong[!io^ong] .ieon[!ie^en].
 . oo[!o^o] .oaa[!oa^a]oaai[!oa^i]oee[!oe^e]oong[!o^ong]oaan[!oa^an]  oo[!o^o] .oee[!oe^e](= oe^ore)
 . uu[!u^u] .uii[!u^i] .uun[!u^un] ..  . mm[!m^m] .ngg[!ng^g]

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EDUTECH:English-Taiwanese Dictionary .  .  .  .  . by Prof. Liim K. H.

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