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How to Search Taiwanese Vocabulary with Obscure Pronunciation
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 . ..¡÷.¡´¡@Ãã¨å¯Á¤Þ¡@ ¡´ ¦p¦ó¥Ñ²{¥N«÷¦rŪ¥X¥¿½TÁn½Õ?¡@¡@¡´ EDUTECH ­º­¶
¤Þ¡@¨¥ Introduction

    ²{®É¥Nªº¥xÆW¤H, ´X¥G¨S¦³¤H¹ï¥x»yÃã·J­Ó­Ó³£¯à»¡±o«Ü·Ç½T¡C  ³o¬O¦]¬°©Ò¦³ªº¤H³£¨S¦³¾÷·|¦b¾Ç®Õ¸Ì¾ÇµØ»y(°ê»y)¨º¼Ë,¨B¨B¾Ç²ß¨ì¾ã®Mªº¥x»y¡C  §Ú­Ì»¡¾Ç¹L¤F¥x»y, ¨ä¹ê³£¬O¦bÄv¿ï¬¡°Ê¤¤Å¥¨ìªº, ¦Ó¨Ì¾a¦nªº°O¾Ð¤O¥h¼Ò¥é¥x¤Wªº¤Hªº¤f­µ, ´N¦Û»{¬°¾Ç¨ì¤F¥x»y¡C
    At the present time, almost all Taiwanese people are unable to speak every Taiwanese word accurately.   This is because nobody has ever learned the whole set of Taiwanese step by step aw we learned Chinese Mandarin in the school.     We say we can speak Taiwanese, but those words are only imitation of those which we heard in the campain occations and remenbered in mind the pronunciation of those persons on the stage.    This is what we say we learned Taiwanese.
    ¦p¦ó¾Ç¦n¥xÆW¸Ü?  ´N¹³§Ú­Ì¥ß§Ó­n¾Ç¦nµØ»y©Î­^»yªº®É­Ô¤@¼Ë, §Ú­Ì¥²¶·±`±`¬d¦r¨å, ¦]¬°¦r¨å¸Ì¤~¦³¥¿½Tªº»yÃã©Mµo­µ¡C
  How to learn Taiwanese well?    It is just like when we like to study Mandarin or English well, we should search words in the dictionary.    It is because those accurate vocabularies and pronunciation exist only in the dictionary.                                                  ¡÷   ¡´ ¦p¦ó¥Ñ²{¥N«÷¦rŪ¥X¥¿½TÁn½Õ?
¡@¡@¦ý¬O·í§Ú­Ì¹ï¸Ü»yªºµo­µ¨S¦³¦Û«Hªº®É­Ô, ­n«ç»ò¼Ë¥h¬d¨ì¨º­Ó¸Ü»y©O? ¥Îº~¦r¥h¬d,¬O¤@­Ó¿ìªk; ¥i¬O¥x»yªºº~¦r,¤j¦³°ÝÃD, ¦Ó¥Bº~¦r¬dÃã·J¥»¨­¬O­Ó³Â·Ð¨Æ¡C¦pªG¯à¥Î¤j­P±µªñªº«÷­µ¥h¬d¨ì¨º­ÓÃã·J,¤£ª¾¦h¦n!   ¨º»ò§A±o·|¥Î¤@®M¡u¤j­P±µªñ¡vªº¥x»y«÷­µªk, ¦Ó¥h¬d¤@¥»¥Î³oºØ«÷­µ¬°¨Ì¾Ú¥i¥H¬d¥X¥¿½T«÷¦rªº¦r¨å¡C
  But how can we search a vocabulary when we are not confident on the pronunciatioin, that is the spelling, of a word?   To use the Han Character is a method; but Han Character for Taiwanese word is a problem, and what is more, the search with Han Character is a trouble by itsself.    How nice it will be if we can search the word with obscure pronunciation!    Well, you need a set of obscure spelling, and need a dictionary which allow you to find the accurate spelling with such an obscure spelling.
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      ¡@Obscure Spelling for  Approximate Pronunciation
    (1)­n¼Ð¥X¤j­P±µªñ¤f­µªº·J­µ«÷¦r, ¤£À³¸Ó¦³Án½Õ®t²§¡C¥À­µ¸Ó¥Î©Ò¿×ªº¡u¥DÃý«÷¦r¡v¡C³o¬O"°ò½Õ­µ"ªº«÷¦r¡C °ò½Õ­µ«÷¦r¥Î¨Ó¥N´À°ª½Õ­µ,°j±Û­µ,¤W¬ð­µ,©M¤U¬ð­µªº«÷¦r¡C
¡@To make an approximate spelling, there should be no differenciation on tones.   This means the vowels should be "atonal".     An atonal vowel is the spelling of the fundamental tone (basic tone).    This spelling substitutes spellings for raised tone, bend tone, pushed up tone, and pushed down tone.
Atonal
  vowel
Basic 
tone
Raised tone Bend tone Pushed-
down t.
Pushed-
up tone
Atonal
vowel
Basic
   tone
Raised
    tone
Beed tone Pushed-
 downt.
Pushed-
 up tone
a a / va af / vaf aa / vaa ax / vax ar / var am am afm aam axm arm
ai ai / vai ay / vay aai / vaai aix / aix ae / vae an an afn aan axn arn
au au aw aau aux ao amg ang afng aang axng arng
e e /v e ef / vef ee / vee ex / vex ea / vea eng eng efng eeng exng erng
i i / vi y/vy ii / vii ix / vix ie / vie im im ym iim ixm irm
ia ia / via iaf / viaf iaa / viaa iax / viax iar / viar in in yn iin icn itn
iau iau iaw iaau iaux iao iam iam iafm iaam iaxm iarm
io io iof ioo iox ior iang iang iafng iaang iaxng iarng
iu iu / vio iw / viw iuu / viuu iux / viux iuo / viuo ien ien iefn ieen iexn iern
o o / vo of / vof oo / voo ox / vox or / vor iong iong iofng ioong ioxng iorng
oa oa / voa oaf / voaf oaa / voaa oax / voax oar / voar ong ong ofng oong oxng orng
oai oai / voai oay / voay oaai/voaai oaix/voaix oae / voae oan oan oafn oaan oaxn oarn
oe oe / voe oef / voef oee / voee oex / voex oea / voea un un wn uun uxn urn
u u w uu ux uo m m mf mm mx mr
ui ui uy uii uix uie ng ng ngf ngg ngx ngr
¡@(2)«e»ó¥À­µ, ¦p va, vaiµ¥,¤]¥]¬A¦b¨S¦³»ó­µªº¥DÃý«÷¦r¤¤¡C
¡@Pre-nasal vowell such as va, vai etc. is included into the atonal spellling without nasal symbol.
¡@(3)¨Ì·Ó²{¥N¤åºD¨Ò,­µ¼Ð¦r[o]¤£¥Î,¦Ó¥u¥Î o ¦r¡C
¡@As in usual MLT sentence, the phonetic letter [o] is not used, and only the ordinary o is used.
¡@(4) ¤l­µ¤£¤À®ð­µ»ó­µ¡C  ©Ò¥H, ¥þ³¡¤l­µ¦r¥]¬A: B; C(¡öc,ch,cv,chv); G (¡ö g,gv); H (¡ö h, hv); J; K (¡ö k,kh,kv,khv); L; M; N; P (¡ö p,ph,pv,phv); S (¡ös,sv);   T (¡öt,th,tv,thv); Z (¡öz,zh,zv,zhv)¡C »ó¤l­µ¦r"v"¶È¶È¦b¸Ó­µ¸`¤¤¨S¦³¨ä¥L¤l­µ¦r¥ý¦æ®É,¤~¼g¥X¡C³o´N¬O"ºî¦X¤l­µ¦r"
¡@A consonant includes unvoiced and nasal.    Thus, all comsonants include:  B;  C (¡ö c,ch,cv,chv);  G (¡ö g,gv);  H (¡ö h,hv);   J;   K (¡ö k,kh,kv,khv);  L;   M;  N;   P (¡ö  p,ph,pv,phv);  S (¡ö  s,sv);   T ¡ö  (t,th,tv,thv);  Z (¡ö  z,zh,zv,zhv).    The nasal consonant "V" is only written when no other consonant precedes in that syllable.    Such is called the composite consonant.
¥H·J­µ(¤£©ú½T­µ)«÷¦r¬d¥X¥x»yÃã·Jªº¹ê¨Ò Examples

     of Finding Words with Obscure Spellings
Taiwanese Word ¥x»yÃã  ¡ö  Obscure Spelling·J­µ«÷¦r
½Ð«È chviafkheq   ¡ö  Cia +  K
ªï¯« gviasiin  ¡ö  Gia + S
¦nÁx hoftvar  ¡ö  Ho  +  T
ªÅ¥Õ khangpeh  ¡ö Kang  +  P
¬ÝµL khvoarboo   ¡ö  Koa  +  B
÷¶Õ pviarsex  ¡ö Pia  +  S
¤ïÁ¿ phvaykorng  ¡ö  Pai  +  K
¬u¤ô zvoazuie  ¡ö  Zoa  +  Z
"·J­µ"´N¬O»E¶°¤F¦PÃþµo­µªº·N«ä¡F ¦p, ·J­µ«÷¦r"Cia"¬O»E¶°¤Fcia,chia, cvia,©Mchviaµ¥¥|­Ó¦PÃþµo­µ¬°¤@­Óªº«÷¦r¡C ·J­µ«÷¦r"CiaK"«h§ó¦h, ¦]¬°"K"«á¦³¤Ó¦hªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C
                                        -
[­n»â] ¦b Ãã¨å¯Á¤Þ¤W, «ö¤@¤U·Q­n¬dªºÃã·Jªº­º­µ¸`, «h¸õ©¹¸Ó­µ¸`ªº¤è®Ø; ½Ð¬d¬Ý²Ä¤G­µ¸`ªº­µ­º¦r, ¨ä«á­±´N¦³´X­Ó¥x»yÃã·J, ¬Ý¥X¸Ó·í·N«äªºº~¦rÃã, ¨ä«e­±¬O¥¿½Tªº²{¥N«÷¦r¡C
¡@²{¥N«÷¦r, «ü¥ÜµÛ¸Ó»yÃ㪺¼Ð·Çµo­µ; §Y:
 a.­Y­µ¸`¬O°ò½Õ­µ«÷¦rªº´N¥H¥­±`¤ßµo¥X¥­©ZªºÁn½Õ¡C¦p: koanhe(Ãö«Y), svoalai(¤s¤º)µ¥¡C
 b.¬Ý¨ì¦³ y,w,f ªº­µ¸`, ­n´£°ª­µ¶¥¡C¦p: bylefng(¦Ì¥¤), soefsvaf(¬~­m), µ¥¡C
 c.¬Ý¨ì ¨â­Ó­«Å|ªº¥À­µ¦r¥À, ´N¬OÅs¦±ªºÁn½Õ¡C¦p: zoaa(³D), kaau(µU), iuu(ªo),µ¥¡C
 d.¬Ý¨ì¦³ x, ´N­nÀ£¤U¡C¦p: toaxhaxn(¤jº~), hoxnghiexn(©^Äm),µ¥¡C
 e.¬Ý¨ì¦³ r,ie,uo,ae,ao ªº­µ¸`, ´N­n±À¥X¡C¦p goar(§Ú), sie(¦º), chiuo(¤â), koae(©ä), siao(ºÆ), µ¥¡C
 f.°±¤@¤Uªº«P­µ, ¦³°ª«P­µ©M§C«P­µ¡C°ª«P­µ¬O~h,~k,~p,~t,¦Ó§C«P­µ¬O~q,~g,~b,~d¡C
¡@[Ãö©ó¹j­µ²Å(')] ¦bÃã¨å¸Ì, ¤Z¬O¬°ªì¾ÇªÌªº»Ý­n, ¦b²{¥N«÷¦r¤¤¨Ì·Ó»Ý­n, ¥²¥[¶i¤F"¹j­µ²Å"¡C³o¨Ç¤¤¦³¤£¤ÖÃã·J, ¦b¤@¯ëªº²{¥N¤å¤¤¬O±`¬Ù²¤¨º­Ó¹j­µ²Åªº; ¤]´N¬O»¡, ¤Z¬O¬Ù²¤¦¨²ßºD¦Ó¤j®a³£¬Ý±oÀ´ªº , ´N¥i¥H¦b¼g¤å³¹®É¬Ù²¤¡C ¦p: jitoong-kaoiok (¨àµ£±Ð¨|), ciawar (³¾¥J), cidee(¤@­Ó)µ¥,¤£¤@©w­n¼g¦¨ jitoong-kao'iok, ciaw'ar, cid'eeµ¥¡C
¡@[Ãö©ó­µ¼Ð¦r[o]] ¦bÃã¨å¸Ìªº²{¥N«÷¦r, ¬°ÅU¤Î¨ì«n³¡ÅªªÌ, ¯S§O¥Î¨ì­µ¼Ð¦r[o]¡C  ³o¦b³q±`ªº²{¥N¤å¤¤¬O¤£°µ³o­Ó¤ÀÅGªº¡C §Y, ¦b²{¥N¤å¤¤, §â o ¤]¼g¦¨ o¡C ¦p:  ·³¹Ø hoeasiu =hoeasiu, ©M¥­ hopeeng = hopeeng, ¥i±¤ khofsioq = khofsioq, µ¥¡C
¡@[²Ê^«÷¦r] ³q±`¥sµÛ²Ê^«÷¦r(simplified spelling)ªº, ´N¬O·J­µ«÷¦r(obscure spelling)¡C §â¥¿½Tªº²{¥N«÷¦r²¤Æ, ´N¦¨¬°Â²Åé«÷¦r; §Y,§â²{¥N«÷¦rªº¦PÃþ¤l­µ«÷ªk·J¶°¦¨¤@, ¤S§â¤£¦PÁn½Õªº¥À­µ«÷ªk·J¶°¦Ó¬°°ò½Õ­µ«÷ªk, ´N¦¨¬°·J­µ«÷¦r, ¦Ó¥¦´N¸ò±q¶}©l´N¥Î²¤Æ¬°¦®¨Ó«÷¥X¨ÓªºÂ²Åé«÷¦r, ¬O¬Û¦Pªº¡C
¦p¦ó§Q¥Î¥»Ãã¨å?
(1) ¬dÃã·J    (2) °O¾Ð¤@¸s¥x»yÃã·J

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   ³o®É½Ð¦b ¯Á¤Þ­¶¤W§ä¨ì¨º¥y¸Üªº­º­µªºÂ²Ê^«÷¦r(·J­µ«÷¦r)«ö¤@¤U¡C §A°¨¤W·|¨ì¦³³o¤@Ãþ­º­µªº¤@¸sÃã·J¡C²¾¨ì²Ä¤G­µ¸`ªº¤l­µªº³¡¥÷,¦Ó¤@­Ó¤@­Ó¬d¬Ý¨º¸Ìªºº~¦rÃã,§A´N¤£Ãø§ä¨ì¤ß¤¤©Ò­nªº»yÃã¡C ¨º¸Ìªºº~¦rÃã©Î²{¥N«÷¦rÃã´N¬O§A©Ò­n¬dªº¤F¡C    ¬d¨ì¤F,´N¤£­n§Ñ°O¦b¨º¤W¤è§ä¤@¥y(¡´¦^ ¯Á¤Þ­¶),¦Ó«ö¤@¤U¡C´N¥i¥H¦A¬d¥t¤@­ÓÃã·J¡C


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by  Prof. Liim, K-H       ¡´¡@Ãã¨å¯Á¤Þ